Викуња — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Бот: Сређивање, replaced: Лама (животиња) → Лама (4) користећи AWB |
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{{Short description|Дивљи јужноамерички камелид}}{{рут}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Викуња
| image = Vicugna vicugna at about 4,000m, near the Chajnantor Plateau, NW Chile. Simon Green 17th April 2018.jpg
| image_caption = Vicuña in the [[Atacama Desert]]
| status = LC
| status_system =
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|author=Acebes, P.|author2=Wheeler, J.|author3=Baldo, J.|author4=Tuppia, P.|author5=Lichtenstein, G.|author6=Hoces, D.|author7=Franklin, W.L.|year= 2018|page= e.T22956A145360542|doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22956A145360542.en |title= ''Vicugna vicugna'' |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Except populations of Argentina (populations of provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca and semi-captive populations of provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, La Rioja, and San Juan), Chile (populations of the region of Tarapacá and of the region of Arica and Parinacota), Ecuador (whole population), Peru (whole population), and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (whole population), which are included in Appendix II.}}
| taxon = Lama vicugna
| authority = ([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]], 1782)
| range_map = Extensión de la vicuña.png
| range_map_caption = Vicuña range
|
*''Lama gracilis''? <small>Gervais & Ameghino, 1881</small>
}}
'''Викуња''' ({{јез-лат|Vicugna vicugna}})<ref>The spelling ''vicuña'' is not even mentioned in some dictionaries, for example the [https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/vicuna?q=vicuña Macmillan Dictionary]</ref><ref>The spelling ''vicugna'' is so rare in English that it is not even mentioned in the [http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/vicuna Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia] or any major dictionary, including the ''American Heritage Dictionary'', ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary'', ''Oxford Living Dictionaries'', ''Random House Dictionary'', ''Collins English Dictionary'', and ''Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English''</ref><ref>{{MSW3 |id=14200122}}</ref> је једна од две врсте дивљих [[лама]], поред [[Гванако|гванака]]. Заједно са осталим врстама [[лама]], припада породици [[камила]] (-{[[Camelidae]]}-). Vicuñas are relatives of the [[llama]], and are now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated [[alpaca]]s, which are raised for their coats. Vicuñas produce small amounts of extremely fine [[wool]], which is very expensive because the animal can only be [[shorn]] every three years and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the product of the vicuña's wool is very soft and warm. The [[Inca]] valued vicuñas highly for their wool, and it was against the law for anyone but royalty to wear vicuña garments; today, the vicuña is the [[list of national animals|national animal]] of [[Peru]] and appears on the [[Coat of arms of Peru|Peruvian coat of arms]].<ref>[http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con3_uibd.nsf/6E1277485DC359E5052579670074BD9E/$FILE/Ley_1825_02_25.pdf Ley del 25 de febrero, Art. 1]</ref>
Both under the rule of the Inca and today, vicuñas have been protected by law, but they were heavily hunted in the intervening period. At the time they were declared [[endangered]] in 1974, only about 6,000 animals were left. Today, the vicuña population has recovered to about 350,000,<ref name="iucn"/> and although conservation organizations have reduced its level of threat classification, they still call for active conservation programs to protect populations from poaching, [[habitat destruction|habitat loss]], and other threats.
Previously the vicuña was thought not to have been domesticated, and the llama and the alpaca were both regarded as descendants of the closely related guanaco. But [[DNA]] research published in 2001 has shown the alpaca may well have vicuña parentage.<ref name=wheeler>{{cite journal | first1 =Dr Jane | last1 =Wheeler | first2=Miranda | last2 = Kadwell |first3=Matilde | last3 = Fernandez |first4=Helen F. | last4 = Stanley |first5=Ricardo | last5 = Baldi |first6=Raul | last6 = Rosadio |first7=Michael W. | last7 = Bruford |date=December 2001 | title =Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca | journal =Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume =268 | issue =1485 | pages =2575–2584 | id= 0962-8452 (Paper), 1471-2954 (Online) | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1774 | pmid =11749713 | pmc =1088918 }}</ref> Today, the vicuña is mainly wild, but the local people still perform special rituals with these creatures, including a fertility rite.
== Опис ==
The vicuña is considered more delicate and gracile than the [[guanaco]], and smaller. A key distinguishing element of [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is the better-developed incisor roots for the guanaco.<ref>{{cite web | first = C. Michael | last = Hogan | date = 7 December 2008 | url = http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42654 | title = Guanaco: ''Lama guanicoe'' | work = GlobalTwitcher.com | publisher = GlobalTwitcher | editor-first = N. | editor-last = Strömberg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304004355/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42654 | archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> The vicuña's long, woolly coat is tawny brown on the back, whereas the hair on the throat and chest is white and quite long. The head is slightly shorter than the guanaco's and the ears are slightly longer. The length of head and body ranges from 1.45 to 1.60 m (about 5 ft); shoulder height is from 75 to 85 cm (around 3 ft); its weight is from 35 to 65 kg (under 150 lb). It falls prey to the [[Puma (species)|puma]] and [[culpeo]].
Викуња је дивља и живи у [[Крдо|крдима]] од неколико женки са младунцима и једним мужјаком. Тешка је од 35 до 45 [[килограм]]а. Крзно је светлосмеђе са жућкастоцрвеним оковратником. [[Вуна]] јој је на цени због чега је број викуња значајно смањен. Чак је и [[1974]]. године их је остало само 6 хиљада у свету, а данас их има више од 125 хиљада.
Викуња је најмања врста [[Лама|ламе]]. Новијим [[Генетика|генетичким]] истраживањима је утврђено да од ње потиче [[алпака]], домаћа врста.
== Таксономија и еволуција ==
There are two subspecies of vicuña:
* ''Lama vicugna vicugna''
* ''Lama vicugna mensalis''
While vicuñas are restricted to the more extreme elevations of the Andes in modern times, they may have also been present in the lowland regions of [[Patagonia]] as much as 3500 km south of their current range during the [[Late Pleistocene]] and [[Early Holocene]]. Fossils of these lowland camelids have been assigned to a species known as ''Lama gracilis'', but genetic and morphological analysis between them and modern vicuña indicate the two may be the same.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinstock |first1=J. |title=The Late Pleistocene distribution of vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) and the "extinction" of the gracile llama ("Lama gracilis"): New molecular data |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=15–16 |pages=1369–1373 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.008 |bibcode=2009QSRv...28.1369W |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379109001140}}</ref>
== Станиште ==
Живи на планинским пашњацима Анда од југозападне [[Колумбија|Колумбије]] до северног [[Чиле]]а. Највише викуња има у [[Перу]]у. Ретко силази испод 4000 метара [[Надморска висина|надморске висине]].
== Конзервација ==
[[File:1979 Convention of the Vicuña participation map.svg|thumb|100px|Parties to the 1979 Vicuña Convention]]
To cooperate on the conservation of the vicuña, the governments of Bolivia and Peru signed the Convention for the Conservation of the Vicuña on 16 August 1969 in [[La Paz]], explicitly leaving the treaty open to accession by Argentina and Chile.<ref name="Ecuador 1976">[[:s:es:Convenio para la Conservación de la Vicuña|Convenio para la Conservación de la Vicuña (Wikisource)]]. Source: Registro Oficial N° 144 de 4 de agosto de 1976 (Official Gazette of the Government of Ecuador no. #144, 4 August 1976).</ref> Ecuador acceded on 11 February 1976.<ref name="Ecuador 1976"/> The Convention prohibited international trade in the vicuña, domestic exploitation of the vicuña, and ordered the parties to create reserves and breeding centres.<ref name="McNeill">{{Cite book |last1=McNeill |first1=Desmond |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Gabriela |last3=Renaudeau d' Arc |first3=Nadine |date= 23 October 2008|title=The Vicuña: The Theory and Practice of Community Based Wildlife Management |chapter=Chapter 6: International Policies and National Legislation Concernign Vicuña Conservation and Exploitation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Buh2fp_NUAwC&pg=PA63 |location= |publisher= |page=63–64 |isbn= 9780387094755|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> A follow-up treaty, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña, was signed between Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru on 20 December 1979 in [[Lima]].<ref name="McNeill"/><ref name="Lima 1979">{{Cite web |url=http://www.conveniovicuna.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Convenio-de-la-Vicu%C3%B1a.pdf |title=Convenio para la Conservación y Manejo de la Vicuña |author= |work=conveniovicuna.org |publisher=Convenio de la Vicuña |date=20 December 1979 |access-date=15 February 2022 |language=es}}</ref> It explicitly allowed only Argentina to sign it if it also signed the 1969 La Paz Convention (Article 12;<ref name="Lima 1979"/> Argentina joined in 1981<ref name="McNeill"/>), and did not allow other countries to accede to the convention 'due to its specific character' (Article 13).<ref name="Lima 1979"/> The 1979 Convention did allow the use of the vicuña under strict circumstances if the animal population had recovered sufficiently.<ref name="McNeill"/> In combination with [[CITES]] (effective in 1975), as well as USA and EU trade legislation, the Conventions were extremely successful, as the vicuña population substantially grew as a result.<ref name="McNeill"/>
== Вуна ==
[[File:Vicuña - Chimborazo, Ecuador.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Vicuña near [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] in Ecuador]]
The wool is popular due to its warmth, and is used for apparel such as socks, sweaters, accessories, shawls, coats, and suits, and home furnishings such as blankets and throws. Its properties come from the tiny scales on the hollow, air-filled fibres. It causes them to interlock and trap insulating air. Vicuñas have some of the finest fibers in the world, at a diameter of 12 μm. The fiber of cashmere goats is 14 to 19 μm, while [[angora rabbit]] is 8 to 12 μm and that of [[shahtoosh]] from the Tibetan antelope, or chiru, is from 9 to 12 μm.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Smithsonian Zoogoer | date = 2008 | title = Discovering South America's Camels | first = Mary-Russell | last = Roberson | publisher = Friends of the National Zoo | location = [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA | url = http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2008/1/Camelids.cfm | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321024439/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2008/1/Camelids.cfm | archive-date = 21 March 2008 | access-date = 16 May 2010}}</ref>
At present, the [[Peruvian government]] has a labeling system that identifies all garments that have been created through a government-sanctioned ''chacu''. This guarantees that the animal was captured, shorn alive, returned to the wild, and cannot be shorn again for another two years. The program also ensures that a large portion of the profits return to the villagers. However, annually, up to 22,500 kg of vicuña wool are exported as a result of illegal activities. Because of this, some countries have banned the importation of the wool to save the animal. There is a limited but growing trend to commercially produce wool from vicuñas in captivity, with growing herds in the Chilean Andes. Biologist Cristian Bonacic has expressed his concern about the possibility of habitat damage and the transmission of disease in the farms.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sustainable Use of the Vicuña: A Critical Analysis and the MACS Project|publisher = Springer US|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 978-1-4613-5045-3|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4615-0375-0_24|language = en|first1 = Cristian|last1 = Bonacic|first2 = Jessica|last2 = Gimpel|editor-first = John|editor-last = Lemons|editor-first2 = Reginald|editor-last2 = Victor|editor-first3 = Daniel|editor-last3 = Schaffer|page = 348}}</ref>
As of June 2007, prices for vicuña fabrics can range from US$1,800 to US$3,000 per yard. A vicuña wool [[scarf]] costs around US$1,500. A vicuña [[sport coat]] from the Italian tailoring house [[Kiton]] cost at least US$21,000 in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323392204579073090614851288 | first = David | last = Coggins | title = Why Does a Vicuña Jacket Cost $21,000? | work = [[The Wall Street Journal]]| date = 20 September 2013}}</ref>
== Галерија ==
<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" >
Датотека:Vicuña - Chimborazo, Ecuador.jpg
Датотека:Female Vicuña running.jpg
Линија 38 ⟶ 72:
== Види још ==
* [[Лама]]
* [[Камила]]
* [[Гванако]]
* [[Алпака]]
== Напомене ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|}}
* Mihalj Mikeš, (2001.) ''Velika enciklopedija životinja'', ISBN 86-489-0303-3
* {{cite web | url = http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A02L | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | title = Species Profile: Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201171201/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A02L | archive-date=1 February 2009 | access-date = 4 January 2009}}
* {{cite web | url = http://geocities.com/alpacafibernews/The_vicuna_animal_-_The_precious_treasure_of_the_Andes.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083503/http://geocities.com/alpacafibernews/The_vicuna_animal_-_The_precious_treasure_of_the_Andes.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-10-21 | title = The Vicuna: the precious treasure of the Andes | work = Alpaca Fiber News }}
* {{cite journal | first1 = Andres | last1 = Bayly Letts | first2 = Enrique | last2 = Pasquel Rodríguez | title = Privaticemos las vicuñas: Cómo Eliminar el Peligro de Extinción y Aprovechar su Potencial Económico | trans-title = Privatize the vicunas: How to Eliminate the Danger of Extinction and Take Advantage of its Economic Potential | pages = 69–80 | journal = Revista de Economía y Derecho | volume = 3 | number = 9 | date = Summer 2006 | language = Spanish | url = http://web.mac.com/epasquel/iWeb/Website%20de%20Enrique%20Pasquel/publicaciones_files/Privaticemos%20las%20vicuñas.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235625/http://web.mac.com/epasquel/iWeb/Website%20de%20Enrique%20Pasquel/publicaciones_files/Privaticemos%20las%20vicu%C3%B1as.pdf | archive-date = 24 March 2009}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons and category|Vicugna vicugna|Vicugna vicugna}}
* {{cite AV media | title = Viva Vicuña, documentary film about Vicuñas in the Andes | publisher = Light & Shadow | url = http://www.lightandshadow.tv/indexF.php?lang=en&format=html&Itemid=87&option=com_content&view=article&id=61&layout=default}}
* {{cite web | title = Las vicuñas repoblaron a los paramos de Chimborazo | publisher = El Comercio, Ecuador | url = https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/ecuador/vicunas-repoblaron-paramos-chimborazo.html}}
* [https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Convenio_para_la_Conservaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Vicu%C3%B1a Convention for the Conservation of the Vicuña (La Paz 1969, including the 1976 Ecuadorian accession)] – Spanish Wikisource
* [https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Convenio_para_la_Conservaci%C3%B3n_y_Manejo_de_la_Vicu%C3%B1a Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña (Lima 1979)] – Spanish Wikisource
* [http://www.conveniovicuna.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Convenio-de-la-Vicu%C3%B1a.pdf Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña (Lima 1979)] – Original scan at [http://www.conveniovicuna.org/ Conveniovicuna.org]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q167797}}▼
{{Authority control}}
▲{{Commonscat|Vicugna vicugna}}
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[[Категорија:Ламе]]
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