Цевозупке — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Породица сисара која садржи јужноафричког мравоједа}}{{рут}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Цевозупке
| fossil_range =
| image =
| image_width = 250п
| image_caption = ''Orycteropus afer'' – [[Aardvark]]
| image2 = Aardvarks.jpg
| image2_caption = женка афричког мравоједа са младим
| image2_width = 250п
| display_parents = 3
|
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| subdivision_ranks = Родови
| subdivision =
†''[[Amphiorycteropus]]''<ref name=Lehmann2009/><br />
†''[[Eteketoni]]''<ref>{{Cite book |author=Martin Pickford |year=2019 |title=Orycteropodidae (Tubulidentata, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak, Uganda |journal=Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie |volume=47 |pages=1–101 |isbn=978-3-89937-247-2 }}</ref><br />
†''[[Leptorycteropus]]''<br />
†''[[Myorycteropus]]''<ref name="Lehmann2009"/>
}}
'''Цевозупке''' ([[Латински језик|лат.]] '''-{Tubulidentata}-''') су мали ред плаценталних [[сисари|сисара]], који обухвата само једну савремену [[врста (биологија)|врсту]] – [[афрички мравојед|афричког мравоједа]]. Ова врста је распрострањена у [[Африка|Африци]], док су изумрле врсте насељавале и делове [[Европа|Европе]] и [[Азија|Азије]]<ref name="rose">Rose K.D., Archibald J. D. The rise of placental mammals: origins and relationships of the Major Extant Clades. {{page1|location=|publisher=JHU Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8018-8022-3|pages=86-87}}</ref>.
'''Orycteropodidae''' is a family of [[afrotheria]]n mammals. Although there are many fossil species, the only species surviving today is the [[aardvark]], ''Orycteropus afer''. Orycteropodidae is recognized as the only family within the order '''Tubulidentata''', so the two are [[Monotypic taxon|effectively synonyms]].<ref name="Lehmann2009">{{harvnb|Lehmann|2009}}</ref><ref name=MSW3/>
== Еволуција ==
The first aardvark fossil discovered was originally named ''Orycteropus gaudryi'' (now ''[[Amphiorycteropus]]'') and was found in [[Turolian]] deposits on the island of [[Samos]].<ref name="Lehmann2009"/> Since then, representatives of the order Tubulidentata have been located from the [[Oligocene]] in what is now Europe, and it is believed that the order probably originated around 65–70 million years ago or in the [[Paleocene]].<ref name=sho1>{{harvnb|Shoshani|2002|p=619}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shoshani|2002|p=620}}</ref> They are thought to be closely related to the now extinct [[Ptolemaiida]], a lineage of carnivorous afrotheres.<ref name="Cote et al 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cote S, Werdelin L, Seiffert ER, Barry JC |title=Additional material of the enigmatic Early Miocene mammal ''Kelba'' and its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=104 |issue=13 |pages=5510–5 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17372202 |pmc=1838468 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0700441104 |bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.5510C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Seifert2007>{{cite journal|last=Seiffert|first=Erik R|title=A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=1|pages=224|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-224|pmid=17999766|pmc=2248600}}</ref> The family arose in Africa in the Early [[Miocene]] epoch, and spread to Eurasia later in the Miocene. Most of the family's diversity had become extinct by the end of the [[Pliocene]].<ref name="Lehmann2009"/>
== Својства ==
[[File:Orycteropodidae skeleton-2.JPG|thumb|left|Orycteropodidae skeleton]]
Представнике овог реда карактеришу [[цев]]асто грађени задњи [[зуб]]и (молари), по чему је и цео ред добио назив. Предњи део [[глава|главе]] је извучен у њушку, што олакшава [[исхрана|исхрану]] [[мрав]]има (мирмекофагију). Сем ових, цевозупке поседују и низ примитивних сисарских особина, попут [[кључна кост|кључне кости]]<ref name="rose"/>.
Aardvarks had originally been categorized as relatives of [[Anteater|American anteaters]] in the order Edentata. But their unique type of teeth and other morphological characteristics had made it clear that aardvarks are not closely related to any other living mammals. Since the end of the 19th century, they are placed in their own separate order Tubulidentata. Both the fossil record and genetic studies have corroborated that separate status. All similarities to American anteaters have evolved independently as adaptations to eating ants.
One of the most distinctive features of the animals is that their teeth have a "tubulidentate" microstructure, lacking enamel, and are just rounded structures of dentine. They lack incisors and canines, and have 20–22 teeth, which are evergrowing, unrooted, and diphyodont. Another unique trait is that their small milk teeth are lost before the animal is born.
A few anatomical characters unite the Orycteropodidae and Tubulidentata. The [[occiput|occipital]] region of the skull has extensive [[mastoid]] exposure, the [[femur]] has a [[pectineal tubercle]], and the [[diaphysis]] of the [[tibia]] is curved [[Anatomical terms of location#Axes|mediolaterally]].
Modern aardvarks are polygynous, the females providing care for the young. They are territorial, and only cross paths to breed. The males' genitals create a musk while females create this musk from glands in their elbows, this scent helps mating occur. The gestation period lasts about seven months, and they are dependent upon the mother until they are six months of age, becoming sexually mature at two years of age. Breeding occurs once a year, they produce one offspring, and will have maybe one to two more in their lifetime. Aardvarks are [[Myrmecophagy|myrmecophagous]], feeding almost exclusively on termites and ants. They rely on their sense of smell to find most of their food and hunt at night.
== Класификација ==
This classification follows Lehmann 2009.<ref name = "Lehmann2009"/><ref name="mikko">Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Tubulidentata – aardwarks'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/basal_ungulata/tubulidentata.html |access-date= 30 December 2015}}</ref>
* Genus †''[[Scotaeops]]'' <small>Ameghino 1887</small> [''Scoteops'' <small>(sic) Ameghino 1894</small>]
** †''[[Scotaeops simplex|S. simplex]]'' <small>Ameghino 1887</small>
* Genus †''[[Archaeorycteropus]]'' <small>Ameghino 1905</small>
* Genus †''[[Palaeorycteropus]]'' <small>Filhol 1893</small> [''Palaeoryctoropus'' <small>(sic) Filhol 1893</small>]
** †''[[Palaeorycteropus quercyi|P. quercyi]]'' <small>Filhol 1893</small>
* Genus † ''[[Myorycteropus]]'' <small>MacInnes, 1956</small>
** †''[[Myorycteropus africanus|M. africanus]]'' <small>MacInnes, 1956</small> [''Orycteropus africanus'' <small>MacInnes 1955</small>] type species
** †''aff. [[Myorycteropus chemeldoi|M. chemeldoi]]'' <small>(Pickford, 1975)</small> [''Orycteropus chemeldoi'' <small>Pickford 1975</small>]
** †''aff. [[Myorycteropus minutus|M. minutus]]'' <small>(Pickford, 1975)</small> [''Orycteropus minutus'' <small>Pickford 1975</small>]
* Genus †''[[Leptorycteropus]]'' <small>Patterson, 1975</small>
** †''[[Leptorycteropus guilielmi|L. guilielmi]]'' <small>Patterson, 1975</small>
* Genus †''[[Amphiorycteropus]]'' <small>Lehmann 2009</small><ref name=Lehmann2009 />
** †''[[Amphiorycteropus gaudryi|A. gaudryi]]'' <small>(Major, 1888)</small> [''Orycteropus gaudryi'' <small>Major 1888</small>] [[type species]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Major F. |year=1888 |title=Sur un gisement d'ossements fossiles dans l'île de Samos, contemporains de l'âge de Pikermi |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris |volume=117 |pages=1178–1181}}</ref>
** †''[[Amphiorycteropus abundulafus|A. abundulafus]]'' <small>(Lehmann ''et al.'', 2005)</small> [''Orycteropus abundulafus'' <small>Lehmann et al. 2005</small>]<ref name = "Lehmann2005">{{harvnb|Lehmann|Vignaud|Likius|Brunet|2005}}</ref>
** †''[[Amphiorycteropus browni|A. browni]]'' <small>(Colbert, 1933)</small> [''Orycteropus browni'' <small>Colbert 1933</small>; ''Orycteropus pilgrimi'' <small>Colbert 1933</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Colbert, E.H. |year=1933 |title=The presence of tubulidentates in the Middle Siwalik Beds of northern India |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=604 |pages=1–10}}</ref>
** †''[[Amphiorycteropus depereti|A. depereti]]'' <small>(Helbing, 1933)</small> [''Orycteropus depereti'' <small>Helbing 1933</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Helbing, H. |year=1933 |title=Ein ''Orycteropus'' - Fund aus dem Unteren Pliocaen des Roussillon |journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae |volume=26 |pages=256–267}}</ref>
** †''[[Amphiorycteropus mauritanicus|A. mauritanicus]]'' <small>(Arambourg, 1959)</small> [''Orycteropus mauritanicus'' <small>Arambourg 1959</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arambourg, C. |year=1959 |title=Vertébrés continentaux du Miocène supérieur de l'Afrique du Nord |journal=Publications du Service de Carte Géologique, Algérie, N. S., Paléontologie |volume=4 |pages=42–53}}</ref>
** †''aff. [[Amphiorycteropus pottieri|A. pottieri]]'' <small>(Ozansoy, 1965)</small> [''Orycteropus pottieri'' <small>Ozansoy 1965</small>]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ozansoy, F. |year=1965 |title=Etude des Gisements Continentaux et des Mammifères du Cénozoique de Turquie |journal=Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France |volume=102 |pages=1–92}}</ref>
** †''aff. [[Amphiorycteropus seni|A. seni]]'' <small>(Tekkaya, 1993)</small> [''Orycteropus seni'' <small>Tekkaya 1993</small>]<ref>Tekkaya, I. 1993. Türkiye fosil Orycteropodidae’leri. T. C. Kültür Bakanligi Anitlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlügü. VIII Arkeometri Sonuçlari Toplantisi 1992, Ankara, 275–289.</ref>
* Род ''[[Orycteropus]]'' [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy St. Hilaire]] 1796 [''Oryctopus'' (sic) Rafinesque 1815; ''Oryctheropus'' (sic) Muirhead 1819; ''Orajeteropus'' (sic) Hill 1913]<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Tubulidentata | id = 11300003 }}</ref>
** †''[[Orycteropus crassidens|O. crassidens]]'' <small>MacInnes, 1956</small><ref>{{cite journal |author=MacInnes, D.G. |year=1955 |title=Fossil Tubulidentata from East Africa |journal=Fossil Mammals of Africa |volume=10 |pages=1–38}}</ref>
** †''[[Orycteropus djourabensis|O. djourabensis]]'' <small>Lehmann et al. 2004</small><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lehmann, T.|author2=Vignaud, P.|author3=Mackaye, H.T.|author4=Brunet, M. |year=2004 |title=A fossil aardvark (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the lower Pliocene of Chad |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=201–217 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.01.001|bibcode=2004JAfES..40..201L}}</ref>
** ''[[Orycteropus afer|O. afer]]'' <small>(Pallas 1776)</small> [[Aardvark]] (type species)
*** ''O. a. capensis'' <small>(Gmelin 1788)</small> [''Myrmecophaga capensis'' <small>Gmelin 1788;</small> ''Orycteropus capensis'' <small>Gmelin 1788</small>] (Cape Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. senegalensis'' <small>Lesson 1840</small> [''Orycteropus senegalensis'' <small>Schinz 1845</small>] (Western/Senegambian Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. haussanus'' <small>Matschie 1900</small> [''Orycteropus haussanus'' <small>Matschie 1900</small>] (Hausa Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. adametzi'' <small>Grote 1921</small> [''Orycteropus adametzi'']
*** ''O. a. leptodon'' <small>Hirst 1906</small> [''Orycteropus leptodon'' <small>Hirst 1906</small>] (Cameroon Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. erikssoni'' <small>Lönnberg 1906</small> [''Orycteropus erikssoni'' <small>Lonnberg 1906</small>; ''Orycteropus erikssoni erikssoni''] (Eriksson's/North Congo Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. albicaudus'' <small>Rothschild 1907</small> (South-western/Damara Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. angolensis'' <small>Zukowsky & Haltenorth 1957</small> [''Orycteropus angolensis''] (Angolan Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. afer'' <small>(Pallas 1776)</small> [''Orycteropus afer wertheri'' <small>Matschie 1898</small>; ''Orycteropus wertheri'' <small>Matschie 1900</small> (East African/Bagamoyo Aardvark)] (Southern Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. wardi'' <small>Lydekker 1908</small> [''Orycteropus wardi''] (Congo/Ward's Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. observandus'' <small>Grote 1921</small> [''Orycteropus observandus'']
*** ''O. a. matschiei'' <small>Grote 1921</small> [''Orycteropus matschiei'']
*** ''O. a. lademanni'' <small>Grote 1911</small> [''Orycteropus lademanni'']
*** ''O. a. ruvanensis'' <small>Grote 1921</small> [''Orycteropus ruvanensis''] (Ruwana Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. faradjius'' <small>Hatt 1932</small> [''Orycteropus erikssoni faradjius''] (Faradje Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. kordofanicus'' <small>Rothschild 1927</small> [''Orycteropus kordofanicus''] (Kordofan Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. aethiopicus'' <small>Sundevall 1843</small> [''Orycteropus aethiopicus''] (Northeastern/Abyssinian Aardvark)
*** ''O. a. somalicus'' <small>Lydekker 1908</small> [''Orycteropus somalicus''] (Somalia Aardvark)
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last = Lehmann | first = Thomas | year = 2009 | title = Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 155 | issue = 3 | pages = 649–702 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00460.x | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lehmann | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Vignaud | first2 = Patrick | last3 = Likius | first3 = Andossa | last4 = Brunet | first4 = Michel | year = 2005 | title = A new species of Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) in the Mio-Pliocene of northern Chad | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 143 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–131 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00143.x | doi-access = free }}
* {{MSW3 Tubulidentata | id = 11300002}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Shoshani | first = Jeheskel | editor-last = Robertson | editor-first = Sarah | title = Tubulidentata | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Life Sciences | year = 2002 | volume = 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-1-56159-274-6 }}
* "A sub-complete fossil aardvark (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the Upper Miocene of Chad". {{doi|10.1016/j.crpv.2005.12.016}}
* [[Donald Gordon MacInnes|MacInnes D. G.]] (1956). ''Fossil Tubulidentata from East Africa''. British Museum (Natural History), London. Fossil mammals of Africa series; no. 10. 46 pp.
* {{cite web | author = African Wildlife Foundation | title = Aardvark | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | url = http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/aardvark | access-date = 18 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105044436/http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/aardvark | archive-date = 5 January 2008 | url-status = live | year = 2013 }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | title = All About Aardvarks | url = http://www.easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-aardvarks.html | website = Easy Science for Kids | publisher = Online Science Tutor for Kids | access-date = 18 November 2013 | year = 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111151040/http://www.easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-aardvarks.html | archive-date = 11 November 2013 }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | website = Animal Corner | year = 2013a | title = Rainforest Aardvark | url = http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/aardvark.html | access-date = 10 January 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726194347/http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/aardvark.html | archive-date = 26 July 2013 }}
* {{cite news | author = Anon | title = Great Uncle Aardvark? | website = BBC News | date = 20 January 2003 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2676377.stm | access-date = 18 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080207170352/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2676377.stm | archive-date = 7 February 2008 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Asher | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = N. | last3 = Lehmann | first3 = T. | title = The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution | journal = BioEssays | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 853–864 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19582725| doi = 10.1002/bies.200900053 | s2cid = 46339675 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Goodwin | first1 = George G. | editor-last = Johnston | editor-first = Bernard | encyclopedia = Collier's Encyclopedia | title = Aardvark | edition = 1st | year = 1997 | publisher = P.F. Collier | volume = I: A to Ameland | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1571610935 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Aardvark | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. | volume = I: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{cite iucn |author=Taylor, A. |author2=Lehmann, T. |date=2015 |title=''Orycteropus afer'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T41504A21286437 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41504A21286437.en |access-date=12 November 2021 |ref={{harvid|Lindsey|Cilliers|Griffin|Taylor|2008}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Martin | first = Elizabeth A. | encyclopedia = MacMillan Dictionary of Life Sciences | title = Tubulidentata | isbn = 978-0333348673 | year = 1983 | edition = 2nd | publisher = MacMillan }}
* {{cite web | author = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | title = aardvark | year = 2010 | website = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | access-date = 18 November 2013 | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aardvark }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Rahm | first = Urs | editor-last = Parker | editor-first = Sybil P. | title = Tubulidentates: Aardvark | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals | volume = 4 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Publishing Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-07-909508-4 | year = 1990 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse/page/450 450 458] | url = https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse/page/450 }}
* {{cite web | author = Rebecca | title = Cute as a Button but a Pain in my Butt: The Aardvark | url = http://www.themagicalbuffet.com/Issues/Vol02_Iss07/Article_049.html | access-date = 18 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117180543/http://www.themagicalbuffet.com/Issues/Vol02_Iss07/Article_049.html | archive-date = 17 January 2008 | url-status = live | year = 2007 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Rodriguez | first = Tommy | title = Technological Perspectives in Phylogeny Research: Revisiting Comparative Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes for Time-Extended Lineages | journal = Figshare | doi = 10.6084/m9.figshare.804317 | year = 2013 | pages = 1–9 }}
* {{MSW3 Tubulidentata | id = 11300004 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Shoshani | first = Jeheskel | editor-last = Robertson | editor-first = Sarah | title = Tubulidentata | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Life Sciences | year = 2002 | volume = 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-1-56159-274-6 }}
* {{cite iucn |author1=Taylor, A. |author2=Lehmann, T. |date=2015 |title=''Orycteropus afer'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T41504A21286437 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41504A21286437.en |access-date=6 September 2021}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = W. A. | last2 = Skinner | first2 = J. D. | title = Adaptations of the Aardvark for Survival in the Karoo: A Review | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1080/00359190409519169 | pages = 105–108 | s2cid = 83819929 }}
* {{cite book | last = te Velde | first = Henk | title = Seth, God of Confusion: A Study of His Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion (Ancient Near East) | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0po3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13 | year = 1997 | publisher = Brill Academic Pub | isbn = 978-9004054028 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = van Aarde | first = Rudi J. | editor-last = Macdonald | editor-first = David | title = Aardvark | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Mammals | year = 1984 | publisher = Facts on File Publications | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-87196-871-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 }}
* {{cite web | author = WGBH | url = https://www.pbs.org/parents/Arthur/program/prog_summary.html | title = About the Program: "Arthur" | website = PBS.org | publisher = Public Broadcasting System | year = 2013 | access-date = 10 November 2018 | archive-date = 10 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190410083904/http://www.pbs.org/parents/arthur/program/prog_summary.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = aardvark | year = 2018 | website = Dictionary of South African English | access-date = 25 February 2019 | url = http://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardvark/e00015 }}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Tubulidentata}}
{{Wikispecies|Orycteropodidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2895685}}
[[Категорија:Цевозупке| ]]
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