Породица (биологија) — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Таксономски ранг између рода и реда}}{{рут}}
{{Друга употреба2|Породица}}
{{Biološka_klasifikacija}}
У [[биологија|биологији]], '''породица''' ({{јез-лат|Familia}}) је једна од [[таксономске категорије|таксономских категорија]] у [[хијерархија|хијерархијској]] [[класификација|класификацији]] [[организам]]а. Налази се између [[ред (биологија)|реда]] и [[род (биологија)|рода]].▼
▲У [[биологија|биологији]], '''породица''' ({{јез-лат|Familia}}) је једна од [[таксономске категорије|таксономских категорија]] у [[хијерархија|хијерархијској]] [[класификација|класификацији]] [[организам]]а. Налази се између [[ред (биологија)|реда]] и [[род (биологија)|рода]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/systematics-meaning-branches-and-its-application/32374|title=Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application|date=2016-05-27|work=Biology Discussion|access-date=2017-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref>
У [[зоологија|зоологији]] постоји конвенција да се научни називи породица завршавају на ''-{-idae}-''. За разлику од зоологије у [[ботаника|ботаници]] имена породица се завршавају на ''-{-aceae}-''. Непосредно изнад породице налази се '''натпородица''' ({{јез-лат|Superfamilia}}), а испод ње је '''потпородица''' ({{јез-лат|Subfamilia}}).<ref>J. McNeill et al. (2006): ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)''. Regnum Vegetabile, 146. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein. {{ISBN|978-3-906166-48-3}}. [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Online Version (engl.)], Приступљено 27. 4. 2013.</ref> У зоологији постоји и посебан ниво група-породица.<ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/ Internationaler Code der Zoologischen Nomenklatur], Приступљено 27. 4. 2013.</ref>
Имена породица често се изводе из имена нарочито познатог рода те породице, али и из морфолошких особина одређене породице. Овај термин је 1689. године у ботаници увео [[Пјер Мањол]]. Код [[Карл фон Лине|Карла Линеа]] се овај ниво називао ''Природни ред'' ({{јез-лат|Ordines naturales}}) који је касније био замењен именом ''породица''.<ref>Gerhard Wagenitz: ''Wörterbuch der Botanik'', 2. издање, 2003/2008. {{ISBN|978-3-937872-94-0}}. pp. 110</ref>.
What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive feature of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opinions often enables adjustments and consensus.
==Nomenclature==
The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes:
*In fungal, algal, and [[botanical nomenclature]], the family names of plants, fungi, and algae end with the suffix "[[:wikt:-aceae#Suffix|-aceae]]", with the exception of a small number of historic but widely used names including [[Compositae]] and [[Gramineae]].{{sfn|Barnhart|1895}}{{sfn|ICN|2012|loc=[http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18 Section 2. Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes Article 18]}}
*In zoological nomenclature, the family names of animals end with the suffix "[[:wikt:-idae#Suffix|-idae]]".<ref name="ICZN">{{cite book|author=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, XXIX|year=1999|edition=Fourth|pages=306|chapter=Article 29.2. Suffixes for family-group names|chapter-url=http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109054735/http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp|archive-date=November 9, 2004|url-status=dead}} [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp?article=29&nfv=#2]</ref>
== Историја ==
The taxonomic term ''{{lang|la|familia}}'' was first used by French botanist [[Pierre Magnol]] in his ''{{lang|la|Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur}}'' (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families (''{{lang|la|familiae}}''). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the ''{{lang|la|Prodromus}}'' Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger ''{{lang|la|genera}}'', which is far from how the term is used today.
[[Carl Linnaeus]] used the word ''{{lang|la|familia}}'' in his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia botanica}}'' (1751) to denote major groups of plants: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFtJizPuC4M trees], [[herb]]s, [[fern]]s, [[Palmae|palms]], and so on. He used this term only in the morphological section of the book, discussing the vegetative and generative organs of plants.
Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from [[Michel Adanson]]'s ''{{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}}''<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Adanson, Michel |volume=1|page=183}}</ref> (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word ''{{lang|fr|famille}}'' was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ''{{lang|la|ordo}}'' (or ''{{lang|la|[[ordo naturalis]]}}'').
In [[zoology]], the family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in his ''{{lang|fr|Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel}}'' (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all [[arthropod]]s).
In nineteenth-century works such as the ''{{lang|la|[[de Candolle system|Prodromus]]}}''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buek|first1=H.W.|title=Genera, species et synonyma Candolleana: alphabetico ordine disposita, seu Index generalis et specialis ad A.P. Decandolle, Prodromum systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis|date=1840–1874|publisher=Sumptibus librariae Nauckianae|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39627#/summary}}</ref><ref name = Scitamineae/> of [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] and the ''{{lang|la|[[Bentham & Hooker system|Genera Plantarum]]}}''<ref name=B&H/>{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883}} of [[George Bentham]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] this word ''{{lang|la|ordo}}'' was used for what now is given the rank of family.
== Употреба ==
Families can be used for evolutionary, palaeontological and genetic studies because they are more stable than lower taxonomic levels such as genera and species.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal |author=Sarda Sahney, Michael J. Benton & Paul A. Ferry |year=2010 |title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 |volume=6 |pages=544–547|issue=4 |pmid=20106856 |pmc=2936204 }}</ref><ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{cite journal |author=Sarda Sahney & Michael J. Benton |year=2008 |title=Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 |volume = 275 |pages = 759–765|pmid=18198148 |issue=1636 |pmc=2596898}}</ref>
== Види још ==
Линија 18 ⟶ 38:
== Референце ==
{{reflist
<ref name=B&H>{{harvnb|Singh|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 Bentham & Hooker pp. 308–312]}}</ref><!--Third edition-->
<ref name = Scitamineae>{{harvnb|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/197/mode/1up Scitamineae pp. 636–657]}}</ref>
}}
== Литература ==
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== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Family (biology)}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art2 |at=Articles 2 and 3 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code |year=2012 |website=IAPT-Taxon.org}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/information/w/ictv-information/383/ictv-code|title=ICTV Code. Section 3.IV, § 3.23; section 3.V, §§ 3.27-3.28..|date=October 2018|access-date=28 November 2018|publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}
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