Саксофон — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
. |
|||
Ред 1:
{{Short description|дувачки инструмент са једном трском}}
{{инструмент
| инструмент = Саксофон
Линија 8 ⟶ 9:
|руско име= -{саксофон}-
|скраћеница= -{Sax.}-
|породица инструмената= дрвени дувачки инструменти
}} '''Саксофон''', скраћено '''-{Sax.}-''', је [[дрвени дувачки инструменти|дрвени дувачки инструмент]], иако је, као и [[флаута]], направљен од метала, но по [[извођач]]кој техници и грађи припада овој породици, којој се придружио тек половином 19. века. Назван је по свом изумитељу, знаменитом градитељу тог доба [[Адолф Сакс|Адолфу Саксу]] (''-{Adolphe Sax}-'').<ref name="Saxophone">{{cite dictionary|last=Raumberger, Ventzke|first=Claus, Karl|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/abstract/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000024670|title=Saxophone|year=2001|dictionary=Oxford Music Online|access-date=6 April 2019|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24670|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0}}</ref> Он је комбиновао искуства дотадашњих инструмената, па саксофон има усник као [[кларинет]] – са простим тршчаним [[језичак|језичком]], механизам и прстна техника су му најсличнији [[обоа|обои]], а звук [[фагот]]у (чији се високи регистар и назива ”саксофонски”).<ref name="Cottrell">{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Cottrell|title=The Saxophone (Yale Musical Instrument Series)|year=2013|publisher= Yale Musical Instrument Series}}</ref><ref name="freedictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/saxophone|title=Saxophone|publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex|access-date=2012-05-25}}</ref>
Саксофон се гради у читавом низу регистара, од најдубље до највише звучности, али најчешћи су '''[[алт саксофон|алт-]]''', '''[[тенор саксофон|тенор-]]''', а донекле ређи и '''[[сопран саксофон|сопран-]]''' и '''[[баритон саксофон|баритон-саксофон]]'''. Највише варијанте имају праву цев, па личе на лимену [[обоа|обоу]] или [[кларинет]]. Осталима је цев карактеристично савијена у почетку и завршетку, са издуженим левком подигнутим увис. Саксофон је конструисан за потребе војне музике и у неким западноевропским земљама ту функцију има и данас. У симфонијским оркестрима и уметничкој музици се користи сразмерно ретко ([[Морис Равел]] ''Болеро'' (сопран ''-{in B}-'' и тенор ''-{in B}-''), [[Модест Мусоргски|Модест Петрович Мусоргски]] ''Слике са изложбе'' у оркестрацији Мориса Равела (алт ''-{in E♭}-''), [[Бенџамин Бритн]] ''-{Simfonia da Requiem}-'' (алт ''-{in E♭}-''), [[Микис Теодоракис]] ''[[Алексис Зорбас|Грк Зорба]]'' (алт ''-{in B}-'') и други), али је у ансамблима забавне музике, нарочито у џезу, врло истакнут, са великим низом значајних [[солиста]]-виртуоза.
Линија 15 ⟶ 18:
''Писани обим стандардних саксофона''<br />
[[Датотека:Obim_-_Saxofono.jpg|Писани обим стандардних саксофона]]
== Опис ==
{{рут}}
===Construction===
The pitch of a saxophone is controlled by opening or closing the tone holes along the body of the instrument to change the length of the vibrating air column. The tone holes are closed by leather pads connected to keys—most are operated by the player's fingers but some are operated using the palm or the side of a finger. There is an octave key which raises the pitch of the lower notes by one [[octave]]. The lowest note, with all of the pads closed, is the (written) B{{music|b}} below middle C. Modern baritone saxophones are commonly constructed to play a low A, and a small number of altos keyed to low A have also been manufactured. The highest keyed note has traditionally been the F two and a half octaves above the low B{{music|b}} but higher-quality instruments now have an extra key for a high F{{music|#}}, and a high G key can be found on some modern soprano saxophones. Notes above the keyed range are part of the altissimo register of the saxophone, and can be produced using advanced [[embouchure]] techniques and fingering combinations. Saxophone music is written in treble clef (appropriately transposed for each different type of instrument) and all saxophones use the same key arrangement and fingerings, enabling players to switch between different types of saxophones fairly easily.
[[Soprano saxophone|Soprano]] and [[Sopranino saxophone|sopranino]] saxophones are usually constructed with a straight tube with a flared bell at the end, although some are made in the curved shape of the other saxophones. Alto and larger saxophones have a detachable curved neck and a U-shaped bend (the ''bow'') that directs the tubing upward as it approaches the bell. There are rare examples of alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones with mostly straight bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jayeaston.com/galleries/sax_family/unusual_saxes_page/sax_php_unusual.html |title=Jay Easton's unusual saxophones |access-date=2021-05-16 }}</ref> The baritone, bass, and contrabass saxophones accommodate the length of the bore with extra bends in the tube. The fingering system for the saxophone is similar to the systems used for the [[oboe]], the [[Boehm system (clarinet)|Boehm system clarinet]],<ref name="New Grove">{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Lewis |editor1-last=Kernfeld |editor1-first=Barry |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz |date=2002 |publisher=Grove's Dictionaries |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56159-284-5 |pages=507–514|volume=3|edition=2}}</ref> and the [[flute]].
===Materials===
From the earliest days of the saxophone the body and key cups have been made from sheet brass stock, which can be worked into complex shapes. The keywork is manufactured from other types of brass stock. [[King Musical Instruments|King]] made saxophones with necks and bells of sterling silver from the 1930s into the early 1960s. Yanagisawa revived this idea in the 1980s and later introduced instruments entirely made of sterling silver.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yanagisawasax.co.jp/en/tenor/9937/ |title=T9937 |publisher=Yanagisawa website |access-date=2008-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071230212350/http://www.yanagisawasax.co.jp/en/tenor/9937/ |archive-date=2007-12-30}}</ref>
[[Julius Keilwerth|Keilwerth]] and [[Paul Mauriat|P. Mauriat]] have used [[nickel silver]], a copper-nickel-zinc alloy more commonly used for flutes, for the bodies of some saxophone models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmauriatmusic.com/products_detail.php?cde=PDT489a5f02713a9 |title=PMST-60NS |publisher=Paul Mauriat website |access-date=2008-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081208134628/http://www.pmauriatmusic.com/products_detail.php?cde=PDT489a5f02713a9 |archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref>
For visual and tonal effect, higher copper [[Aluminum brass|variants of brass]] are sometimes substituted for the more common "yellow brass" and "cartridge brass." [[Yanagisawa Wind Instruments|Yanagisawa]] made its 902 and 992 series saxophones with the high copper alloy [[phosphor bronze]] to achieve a darker, more "vintage" tone than the brass 901 and 991 models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saxophones.co.uk/yanagisawa.htm |title=Yanagisawa Saxophones |access-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616142348/http://saxophones.co.uk/yanagisawa.htm |archive-date=June 16, 2009 }}</ref>
Other materials are used for some mechanical parts and keywork. Buttons where the fingers contact the keys are usually made from plastic or [[mother of pearl]]. Rods, screw pins, and springs are usually made of blued or stainless steel. Mechanical buffers of felt, cork, leather, and various synthetic materials are used to minimize mechanical noise from key movement and to optimize the action of the keywork. Nickel silver is sometimes used for hinges for its advantages of mechanical durability, although the most common material for such applications has remained brass.
Manufacturers usually apply a finish to the surface of the instrument's body and keywork. The most common finish is a thin coating of clear or colored [[acrylic lacquer]] to protect the brass from oxidation and maintain a shiny appearance. Silver or gold plating are offered as options on some models. Some silver plated saxophones are also lacquered. Plating saxophones with gold is an expensive process because an underplating of silver is required for the gold to adhere to.<ref name=jazzbarisax>{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzbarisax.com/brands|publisher= JazzBariSax.com|title=The Horn}}</ref> Nickel plating has been used on the bodies of early budget model saxophones and is commonly used on keywork when a more durable finish is desired, mostly with student model saxophones. Chemical surface treatment of the base metal has come into use as an alternative to the lacquer and plating finishes in recent years.
===Mouthpiece and reed===
[[File:Mouthpiece tenor saxophone.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tenor saxophone mouthpieces, ligatures, reed, and cap]]
The saxophone uses a single-reed [[Mouthpiece (woodwind)|mouthpiece]] similar to that of the clarinet. Each size of saxophone (alto, tenor, etc.) uses a different size of reed and mouthpiece.
Most saxophonists use reeds made from ''[[Arundo donax]]'' cane, but since the middle of the twentieth century some have been made of fiberglass or other composite materials. Saxophone reeds are proportioned slightly differently from clarinet reeds, being wider for the same length. Commercial reeds vary in hardness and design, and single-reed players try different reeds to find those that suit their mouthpiece, embouchure, and playing style.
Mouthpiece design has a profound impact on tone.<ref name="erousseau">{{cite web | url=http://www.eugene-rousseau.com/discussions.htm#Art | at=The Art of Choosing a Saxophone Mouthpiece | last=Rousseau | first=Eugene | author-link=Eugene Rousseau (saxophonist) | title=Discussions | website=EugeneRousseau.com | access-date=27 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405192044/http://www.eugene-rousseau.com/discussions.htm#Art | archive-date=2016-04-05 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Different mouthpiece design characteristics and features tend to be favored for different styles. Early mouthpieces were designed to produce a "warm" and "round" sound for classical playing. Among classical mouthpieces, those with a concave ("excavated") ''chamber'' are more true to Adolphe Sax's original design; these provide a softer or less piercing tone favored by the [[Sigurd Raschèr|Raschèr]] school of classical playing. Saxophonists who follow the French school of classical playing, influenced by [[Marcel Mule]], generally use mouthpieces with smaller chambers for a somewhat "brighter" sound with relatively more upper harmonics. The use of the saxophone in dance orchestras and jazz ensembles from the 1920s onward placed emphasis on [[dynamic range]] and projection, leading to innovation in mouthpiece designs. At the opposite extreme from the classical mouthpieces are those with a small chamber and a low clearance above the reed between the tip and the chamber, called high ''baffle''. These produce a bright sound with maximum projection, suitable for having a sound stand out among amplified instruments.
Mouthpieces come in a wide variety of materials, including [[Vulcanization|vulcanized]] rubber (sometimes called [[hard rubber]] or [[ebonite]]), plastic, and metals such as bronze or [[surgical steel]]. Less common materials that have been used include wood, glass, crystal, porcelain, and bone. Recently, [[Delrin]] has been added to the stock of mouthpiece materials.
The effect of mouthpiece materials on tone of the saxophone has been the subject of much debate. According to [[Larry Teal]], the mouthpiece material has little, if any, effect on the sound, and the physical dimensions give a mouthpiece its tone color.<ref>{{cite book|first=Larry|last=Teal|title=The Art of Saxophone Playing|location=Miami|publisher=Summy-Birchard|year=1963|isbn=978-0-87487-057-2|page=17|quote=A preference as to material used is up to the individual, and the advantages of each are a matter of controversy. Mouthpieces of various materials with the same dimensions, including the chamber and outside measurements as well as the facing, play very nearly the same.}}</ref> There are examples of "dark" sounding metal pieces and "bright" sounding hard rubber pieces. The extra bulk required near the tip with hard rubber affects mouth position and airflow characteristics.
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=The New Grove Encyclopædia of Music and Musicians|edition=2nd|first=George|last=Grove|author-link=George Grove|editor-first=Stanley|editor-last=Sadie|date=January 2001|publisher=Grove's Dictionaries of Music|pages=Volume 18, pp534–539|isbn=978-1-56159-239-5|no-pp=true|editor-link=Stanley Sadie|title-link=Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians}}
* {{cite book|last=Horwood|first=Wally|title=Adolphe Sax, 1814–1894: His Life and Legacy|year=1992|orig-year=1983|edition=(Revised edition)|publisher=Herts: Egon Publishers|isbn=978-0-905858-18-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Howe|first=Robert|title=Invention and Development of the Saxophone 1840–55|series=Journal of the [[American Musical Instrument Society]]|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last=Ingham|first=Richard|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Saxophone|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00ingh|url-access=registration|series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-59348-9|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Kool|first=Jaap|title=Das Saxophon|publisher=J. J. Weber|location=Leipzig|language=de|year=1931}} (translated to English as {{cite book|author-link=Lawrence Gwozdz|first=Lawrence|last=Gwozdz|publisher=Egon Publishers Ltd|year=1987|title=The Saxophone}})
* {{cite book|last=Kotchnitsky|first=Léon|title=Sax and His Saxophone|orig-year=1949|publisher=[[North American Saxophone Alliance]]|edition=Fourth|year=1985}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindemeyer|first=Paul|title=Celebrating the Saxophone|year=1996|publisher=William Morrow & Co|isbn=978-0-688-13518-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Marzi|first=Mario|title=Il Saxofono |language=it |page=468|series=The Expression of Music 4|location=Varese, Italy|publisher=Zecchini Editore (Zecchini Publisher)|year=2009|isbn=978-88-87203-86-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Noyes|first1=John Russell|title=Edward A. Lefebre (1835-1911): Preeminent Saxophonist of the Nineteenth Century (PhD Dissertation)|date=2000|publisher=Manhattan School of Music|location=New York|url=http://jamesnoyes.com/pdf/Lefebre_FULL.pdf|access-date=21 April 2019}}
* {{cite book|last=Segell|first=Michael|title=The Devil's Horn: The Story of the Saxophone, from Noisy Novelty to King of Cool|year=2005|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-15938-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/devilshornstoryo00sege}}
* {{cite book|last=Thiollet|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Thiollet|title=Sax, Mule & Co|location=Paris|publisher=H & D|year=2004|isbn=978-2-914266-03-1}}
* Chadwick, George. [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SBS19270616.1.19&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%252522waner+boys+popularizing+saxophone%252522-------1 "Waner Boys Popularizing Saxophone"]. ''The San Bernardino Sun''. June 16, 1927.
* Davis, Ben. ''The Saxophone: A Comprehensive Course''. London, Henri [[The Selmer Company|Selmer]] & Co., 1932. (see External Links).
* Davis, Ben. ''The New Saxophone Embouchure''. London, 1928.
* [[John O'Neill (jazz teacher)|O'Neill, John]]. ''The Jazz Method for Saxophone''. Schott & Co. Ltd, London. 1992. {{ISBN|0-946535-20-5}}.
* [[Frederick Hemke|Hemke, Frederick]]. ''The Teacher's Guide to the Saxophone''. The Selmer Company, 1977. A teacher using the "single" embouchure.
* [[Jaap Kool|Kool, Jaap]]. ''Das Saxophon''. J. J. Weber, Leipzig. 1931. Translated by [[Lawrence Gwozdz]] in 1987. (p. 178).
* [[Eugene Rousseau (saxophonist)|Rousseau, Eugene]]. ''Saxophone High Tones''. Etoile Music. 1978.
* [[Robert A. Luckey|Luckey, Robert]]. ''Saxophone Altissimo''. Advance Music, 1993.
* [[Ted Nash (saxophonist, born 1922)|Nash, Ted]]. ''Studies in High Harmonics for Tenor and Alto Saxophone''. Hal Leonard, 1985.
* [[John Fordham (jazz writer)|Fordham, John]]. ''Jazz''. Dorling Kindersley, 1993. {{ISBN|0-7513-0050-0}}.
* [[Larry Teal|Teal, Larry]]. ''The Art of Saxophone Playing''. Miami: Summy-Birchard, 1963. {{ISBN|0-87487-057-7}}.
{{Refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Saxophones}}
* [http://klarinetknjige.wordpress.com/category/zasluzni-klarinetisti/mihailo-zivanovic/ Саксофониста, ''Михаило Живановић'']
* [http://www.bsmny.org/exploring-music/features/iid/saxophone/ Instruments In Depth: The Saxophone] An online feature with video demonstrations from [[Bloomingdale School of Music]] (June 2009)
* [http://www.wfg.woodwind.org/sax/ Saxophone Fingering Charts]
{{нормативна контрола}}
| |||