Балистичка ракета — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Ракета која прати суборбиталну балистичку путању лета}}{{rut}}
[[Датотека:V-2 rocket diagram (with English labels).svg|мини|десно|250п|Дијаграм [[V-2]], прве балистичке ракете.]]▼
[[File:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|Minuteman-III [[MIRV]] launch sequence: {{ubl
|1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its 1st-stage boost motor (''A'').
|2. About 60 seconds after launch, the 1st-stage drops off and the 2nd-stage motor (''B'') ignites. The missile shroud (''E'') is ejected.
|3. About 120 seconds after launch, the 3rd-stage motor (''C'') ignites and separates from the 2nd stage.
|4. About 180 seconds after launch, 3rd-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (''D'') separates from the rocket.
|5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
|6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed.
|7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds.
|8. The nuclear warheads detonate.}}]]
'''Балистичка ракета''' је [[ракета]] која прати суборбиталну [[балистика|балистичку]] путању лета са циљем достављања бојеве главе на унапред одређену мету. Навођена је само током релативно кратке иницијалне фазе лета, а касније њеним летом управљају закони [[орбитална механика|орбиталне механике]] и балистике. До сада направљене балистичке ракете као погон током лета користе хемијске ракетне моторе разних типова.
Линија 13 ⟶ 22:
Када се искључи погон, ракета улази у фазу слободног лета. Како би прешле велике раздаљине, балистичке ракете се обично лансирају у суборбиталне свемирске летове; када су у питању [[интерконтинентална балистичка ракета|интерконтиненталне балистичке ракете]], највећа висина достигнута током слободног лета је око 1200 -{km}-.
== Историја ==
▲[[Датотека:V-2 rocket diagram (with English labels).svg|мини|
[[Датотека:Fusée V2.jpg|right|thumb|250п|Replica [[V-2]]]]
The earliest form of ballistic missiles dates from the 13th century with its use derived from the [[history of rockets]]. In the 14th century, the Ming Chinese navy used an early form of a ballistic missile weapon called the [[Huolongchushui]] in naval battles against enemy ships.<ref name="Needham volume 5 part 7 508">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 508-510.</ref> A modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4,<ref>{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | location = Reading | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 3] | isbn = 978-1-84176-541-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 }}</ref> commonly known as the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] developed by [[Nazi Germany]] in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of [[Wernher von Braun]]. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against [[Paris]], followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched.<REF NAME='num_fired'>{{cite book| author=Clayton K. S. Chun| title=Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles| publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2006| page=54}}</ref>
The [[R-7 Semyorka]] was the first [[intercontinental ballistic missile]].
In 2010, the U.S. and Russian governments signed a treaty to reduce their inventory of [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) over a seven-year period (to 2017) to 1550 units each.<ref>U.S. Department of State (8 April 2010). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/140035.pdf "Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms"]. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</ref>
[[Датотека:Minuteman III diagram.png|thumb|250пџ|Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM]]
== Лет ==
An intercontinental ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion; the free-flight portion, which constitutes most of the flight time; and the re-entry phase, where the missile [[Atmospheric reentry|re-enters the Earth's atmosphere]]. The flight phases for shorter-range ballistic missiles are essentially the first two phases of the ICBM, as some ballistic categories do not leave the atmosphere.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McFadden |first=Christopher |title=What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work? |url=https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work}}</ref>
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., [[Transporter erector launcher|transporter erector launchers (TELs)]]), [[aircraft]], [[Navy|ships]], and [[submarine]]s. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple [[rocket]] stages.<ref name=":1" />
When the fuel is exhausted, no more [[thrust]] is provided and the missile enters free flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high [[sub-orbital spaceflight]]; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude ([[apogee]]) reached during free-flight is about {{convert|2000|km|mi|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/13/asia/north-korea-projectile/index.html|title=North Korea launches missile|last1=Almasy|first1=Steve|date=14 May 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=2017-10-14|last2=Kwon|first2=K. J.|last3=Lee|first3=Taehoon}}</ref>
The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric [[Drag (physics)|drag]] plays a significant part in missile [[trajectory]], and lasts until missile [[Impact force|impact]].<ref name=":1" />
Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of {{convert|6-8|km/s|km/h mph|sp=us}} at ICBM ranges.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19|title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat|date=June 2017|publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee}}</ref>
== Типови ==
[[Датотека:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|right|250п|[[Trident II]] SLBM launched by [[ballistic missile submarine]]]]
Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:
*[[Air-launched ballistic missile]] (ALBM)
*[[Tactical ballistic missile]]: Range between about {{convert|150|to|300|km}}
*[[Theatre ballistic missile]] (TBM): Range between {{convert|300|to|3500|km}}
**[[Short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM): Range between {{convert|300|to|1000|km}}
**[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM): Range between {{convert|1000|to|3500|km}}
*[[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]] (IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between {{convert|3500|to|5500|km}}
*[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM): Range greater than {{convert|5500|km}}
*[[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM): Launched from [[ballistic missile submarine]]s (SSBNs)
Most current designs have intercontinental range with a notable exception of [[India]]n operational SLBM [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]] and [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] as well as [[North Korea|North Korea's]] currently operationally deployed [[KN-11]]<ref name=YonhapAug24Confirms>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2016/08/24/35/0301000000AEN20160824009552315F.html (2nd LD) N.K. leader calls SLBM launch success, boasts of nuke attack capacity]—Yonhap, 25 Aug 2016 08:17am</ref> which might not have intercontinental range. A comparable missile would be the decommissioned [[China|China's]] [[JL-1]] SLBM with a range of less than 2,500 km.
Tactical short- and medium-range missiles are often collectively referred to as [[Tactical ballistic missile|tactical]] and [[theatre ballistic missiles]], respectively. Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver [[nuclear weapon]]s because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional [[bomber aircraft]] (though the U.S. is [[prompt global strike|evaluating the idea]] of a conventionally armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability, despite the high costs).
== Квази балистичке ракете ==
A quasi ballistic missile (also called a semi ballistic missile) including [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]s is a category of missile that has a low trajectory and/or is largely ballistic but can perform maneuvers in flight or make unexpected changes in direction and range.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Why Pralay quasi-ballistic missile, tested by DRDO today, will be a 'game-changer' for Army |url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-pralay-quasi-ballistic-missile-tested-by-drdo-today-will-be-a-game-changer-for-army/785809/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
At a lower trajectory than a ballistic missile, a quasi ballistic missile can maintain higher speed, thus allowing its target less time to react to the attack, at the cost of reduced range.
The Russian [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]] is a quasi ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/latest-news|title=Latest News|newspaper=Business Standard India|via=Business Standard}}</ref> The Russian Iskander-M cruises at hypersonic speed of 2,100–2,600 m/s (Mach 6–7) at a height of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4,615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has a range of 480 km and achieves a [[Circular error probable|CEP]] of 5–7 meters. During flight it can maneuver at different altitudes and trajectories to evade anti-ballistic missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://military.tomsk.ru/blog/topic-185.html|title=MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) | Статьи|website=military.tomsk.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SS-26 Stone Iskander 9M72 9P78EBallistic missile system|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/derni_res_news/bienvenue_sur_joomla__3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725054913/http://www.armyrecognition.com/derni_res_news/bienvenue_sur_joomla__3.html|archive-date=2010-07-25}}</ref>
== Носивост ==
Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile [[payload]]s. It is measured in [[kilogram]]s or [[tonne]]s. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's [[warhead]]s, [[reentry vehicle]]s, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, [[penetration aids]], and [[missile guidance]] systems: generally all components except for the launch [[Booster (rocketry)|rocket booster]] and launch fuel. Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to [[fission bomb|nuclear]] or [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]] payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.
Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref>James John Tritten, [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html Throw-Weight and Arms Control<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235939/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html |date=2007-11-23 }}, ''Air University Review'', Nov-Dec 1982.</ref> The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.<ref>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html What Is Throw-Weight?], July 15, 1991.</ref>
== Борбена употреба ==
The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:
* [[9K720 Iskander]]
* [[Ababil-100]]
* [[Al-Samoud 2]]
* [[Dongfeng (missile)#Dongfeng 12 (CSS-X-15)|DF-12]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-chinese-ballistic-missiles-and-iranian-drones-popped-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-civil-war-tigray-0|title = The National Interest: Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/14/africa/ethiopia-airport-tigray-intl/index.html|title=Two missiles target Ethiopian airports as Tigray conflict widens}}</ref>
* [[Fateh-110]]
* [[LORA (missile)|LORA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36877/video-points-to-azerbaijans-first-use-of-israeli-made-ballistic-missile-against-armenia|title = Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia| date=2 October 2020 }}</ref>
* [[MGM-140 ATACMS]]
* [[OTR-21 Tochka]]
* [[Qaher-1|Qaher-1/2M]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/03/a-peek-inside-houthi-rebels-recent-missile-strikes-in-saudi-arabia.php|title = A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | FDD's Long War Journal|date = 28 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Scud missile|Scud types]]
* [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]
* [[Zolfaghar (missile)|Zolfaghar]]
== Види још ==
Линија 18 ⟶ 99:
* [[Ракета земља-земља]]
* [[Квазибалистичка ракета]]
== Литература ==▼
* [[Војна енциклопедија]], Београд, 1970., књига прва, стране 445 и 446.▼
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
▲== Литература ==
{{refbegin}}
▲* [[Војна енциклопедија]], Београд, 1970., књига прва, стране 445 и 446.
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
* {{cite book| last =Futter| first =Andrew | title =Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War| publisher =[[Routledge]] | date =2013 | isbn =978-0415817325}}
* {{cite book| last =Neufeld|first = Jacob| title =The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960|publisher= Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force|date= 1990|isbn=0912799625 }}
* {{cite book| last1 = Swaine|first1 = Michael D. |first2=Rachel M. |last2=Swanger|first3=Takashi|last3= Kawakami|title= Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense| url = https://archive.org/details/japanballisticmi0000swai| url-access = registration|publisher= Rand|date= 2001|isbn=0833030205}}
* Science & Global Security, 1992, Volume 3, pp.101-159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities [http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf]
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Ballistic missiles}}
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/ Missile Threat: A Project of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]]
{{нормативна контрола}}
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