Румски султанат — разлика између измена
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Ред 1:
[[Датотека:Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate.JPG|мини|десно|250px|Ширење Румског султаната, од око 1100. до 1240. године]]
{{Историја Турске}}
'''Румски султанат''' ({{јез-перс|سلجوقیان روم}}), познат још и као '''Анадолски селџучки султанат''', '''Иконијски султанат''', '''Анадолска селџучка држава''' ({{јез-тур|Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti}}) или '''Турска селџучка држава''' ({{јез-тур|Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti}}),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Tarihinde Bir Dönüm Noktası; II. İzzeddin Keykavus Dönemi|url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/35/310.pdf|language=tr}}</ref> била је [[Турско-персијска традиција|турско-персијска]]{{sfn|Lewis|1989|p=29}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=İhsanoğlu|first=Ekmeleddin|title=Institutionalisation of Science in the Medreses of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Turkey|journal=Turkish Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science|date=2005|doi=10.1007/1-4020-3333-8_18|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-3333-8_18|publisher=Springer, Dordrecht|language=en|pages=265–283}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Peacock|Yildiz|2012|pp=71-72}}</ref>{{sfn|Canfield|2002|p=13}}[[сунизам|сунитска]] држава, која је успостављена на дијелу [[Анадолија|Анадолије]] који је од [[Византијско царство|Византијског царства]] освојило [[Селџучко царство]], које је успоставила [[Селџучка династија]]. Назив „Рум” је у ствари арапски назив за Андолију, ар Рум ({{јез-арап|الرُّومُ}}), који потиче од грчког назива [[Ромеји]] ({{јез-грч|Ρωμιοί}}).{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=1816}}{{sfn|Wittek|2013|p=81}}
Линија 6 ⟶ 7:
Селџучки султани су носили бреме крсташки ратова и на крају су подлегли [[монголско-татарске најезде|монголској инвазији]] 1243. године ([[битка код Коседага]]). До краја 13. вијека, Селџуци су постали вазали [[Илканат]]а.{{sfn|Saunders|2001|p=79}} Моћ селџучких султана се распала у другој половини 13. вијека. Посљедњи селџучки вазалал Илканата, Масуд II, убијен је 1308. године. Нестанком Румског султаната настали су многе мали [[анадолски бејлици]], међу њима и бејлик [[Османска династија|Османске династије]], који је на крају освоји остатак бејлика и на простору Анадолије формирао [[Османско царство]].
== фултура и друштво ==
{{rut}}
The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the [[Islam-i Ajam|Perso-Islamic tradition]] and [[Greco-Roman]] tradition,<ref>''Saljuqs: Saljuqs of Anatolia'', Robert Hillenbrand, ''The Dictionary of Art'', Vol.27, Ed. Jane Turner, (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996), 632.</ref> even to the point of naming their sons with [[Persian language|Persian]] names.<ref>Rudi Paul Lindner, ''Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory'', (University of Michigan Press, 2003), 3.</ref> As an expression of Turko-Persian culture,<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire'', 29; "Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia''","''The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian ..."</ref> Rum Seljuks patronized [[Persian art]], [[Iranian architecture|architecture]], and [[Persian literature|literature]].{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=202}} Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as Kay-Khusraw, Kay-Qubadh and Kay-Ka'us. The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm was of Persian stock.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|2020|p=15}} In the 13th-century, the majority of the Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language.{{sfn|Shukurov|2020|p=155}} It was in this century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, resulting in the creation of a "second Iran" in Anatolia.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|2021|p=211}}
Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes, even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=202}} Their usage of Turkish was hardly promoted at all.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=202}} Even Sultan [[Kilij Arslan II]], as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=202}} Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=202}} The ''[[Rahat al-sudur]]'', the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi, was dedicated to Sultan [[Kaykhusraw I]].{{sfn|Richards|Robinson|2003|p=265}} Even the ''[[Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq]]'', an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian.{{sfn|Crane|1993|p=2}}
One of its most famous Persian writers, [[Rumi]], took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region.<ref>''The Oriental Margins of the Byzantine World: a Prosopographical Perspective'', / Rustam Shukurov, in {{cite book|last1=Herrin|first1=Judith|last2=Saint-Guillain|first2=Guillaume|title=Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-1098-0}}, pages 181–191</ref><ref>''A sultan in Constantinople:the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I'', Dimitri Korobeinikov, ''Eat, drink, and be merry (Luke 12:19) - food and wine in Byzantium'', in {{cite book|last1=Brubaker|first1=Leslie|last2=Linardou|first2=Kallirroe|title=Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium : Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGfbbVfR9Z8C&pg=PA96|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6119-1}}, page 96</ref> Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].{{sfn|Hillenbrand|2021|p=211}}
[[File:Kızıl Kule.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kızıl Kule]] (''Red Tower'') built between 1221–1226 by [[Kayqubad I]] in [[Alanya]].]]
In their construction of [[caravanserai]]s, [[madrasa]]s and [[mosque]]s, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone.<ref>''West Asia:1000-1500'', Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom, ''Atlas of World Art'', Ed. John Onians, (Laurence King Publishing, 2004), 130.</ref> Among these, the ''caravanserais'' (or ''hans''), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect,<ref>''Architecture (Muhammadan)'', H. Saladin, ''Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics'', Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753.</ref> Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine ([[Rûm]]) architects, for example the [[Gök Medrese (Sivas)]], and by [[Armenians]].<ref>''Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods'', Robert Bedrosian, ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250.</ref> As such, Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of India]].<ref>''Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks"'', Finbarr Barry Flood, ''Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum'', 96.</ref>
== Референце ==
{{reflist|
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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Линија 17 ⟶ 31:
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|title=Istanbul and the civilization of the Ottoman Empire|date=1989|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=9780806110608|edition=5th pr.|pages=29}}
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* {{cite book|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual |isbn=0-7486-2137-7 |author=Bosworth, C. E. |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year= 2004 |author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}
* {{cite book|title=Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use |isbn=975-7438-75-8 |author=Bektaş, Cengiz |year=1999 |language=tr, en}}
* {{cite journal |title= Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia |first=H. |last=Crane |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=36 |pages=1–57 |number=1 |year=1993 |doi=10.1163/156852093X00010 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hillenbrand|first=Carole|title=The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1474450348 |editor-last1=Canby|editor-first1=Sheila|editor-last2=Beyazit|editor-first2=Deniz|editor-last3=Rugiadi|editor-first3=Martina|pages=6–16|chapter=What is Special about Seljuq History?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last = Hillenbrand | first = Carole | title = The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays | year = 2021 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | isbn = 978-1474485944 }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Donald S. |first2=Chase F. |last2=Robinson |title=Texts, documents, and Artefacts |publisher=BRILL |year=2003 }}
* {{cite book |title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |editor-first1=Trudy |editor-last1=Ring |editor-first2=Noelle |editor-last2=Watson |editor-first3=Paul |editor-last3=Schellinger |volume=3 |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shukurov|first=Rustam |title=The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1474450348 |editor-last1=Canby|editor-first1=Sheila|editor-last2=Beyazit|editor-first2=Deniz|editor-last3=Rugiadi|editor-first3=Martina|pages=144–162|chapter=Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228) |first=Filip Van |last=Tricht |translator-first=Peter |translator-last=Longbottom |publisher=Brill |year=2011 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks? |first=Aptin |last=Khanbaghi |title=The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran |editor-first1=Bruno |editor-last1=De Nicola |editor-first2=Charles |editor-last2=Melville |publisher=Brill |year=2016 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |first=Robert |last=Bedrosian |title=The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century |volume=I |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Hovannisian |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1999 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PA226 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-300-06465-0 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=West Asia:1000-1500 |first1=Sheila |last1=Blair |first2=Jonathan |last2=Bloom |encyclopedia=Atlas of World Art |editor-first=John |editor-last=Onians |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |year=2004 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Blessing|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaqoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Rebuilding Anatolia after the Mongol Conquest: Islamic Architecture in the Lands of Rūm, 1240–1330|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4724-2406-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA79 |access-date=2013-03-15 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1}}
* {{cite journal |title=Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia |first=H. |last=Crane |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=36| issue = 1 |year=1993 |pages=1–57 |doi=10.1163/156852093X00010 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Kuban|first=Doğan|title=The Miracle of Divriği|publisher=YKY|year=2001|isbn=975080290X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins-Madina|first3=Marilyn |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PA37 |access-date=2013-03-17 |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08869-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Flood|first=Finbarr Barry|date=2007|title=Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the Eastern "Turks"|journal=Muqarnas|volume=24|pages=79–115|doi=10.1163/22118993-90000112}}
* {{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Islam: Art and Architecture|publisher=h.f.ullmann|year=2011|isbn=9783848003808|editor-last=Hattstein|editor-first=Markus|location=|pages=|chapter=|editor-last2=Delius|editor-first2=Peter}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Architecture(Muhammadan) |first=H. |last=Saladin |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics |volume=1 |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Hastings |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Alexander |publisher=Charles Scribner's son |year=1908 }}
*{{cite journal |editor-first=Salim |editor-last=Al-Hassani |title=Muslim Architecture Under Seljuk Patronage (1038-1327) |journal=Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation |year=2003 |first=Rabah |last=Saoud |url=https://muslimheritage.com/uploads/Main%20-%20Seljuk%20Architecture1.pdf }}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Sultanate of Rûm}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf|title=The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais|author=Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel|publisher=[[ArchNet]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025025/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf|archive-date=2007-07-04}}
* {{cite web|url = http://archnet.org/library/places/places.tcl?country_code=tr|title = List of Seljuk edifices|publisher = [[ArchNet]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070405010452/http://archnet.org/library/places/places.tcl?country_code=tr|archive-date = 2007-04-05}}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.turkishhan.org|title = Examples of caravanserais built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate|author=Katharine Branning|publisher=Turkish Hans}}
{{нормативна контрола}}
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