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{{Short description|Француски друштвени коментатор и политички мислилац (1689–1755)}}
{{Филозоф
| име = Монтескје
Линија 18 ⟶ 19:
| значајне_идеје = [[принцип поделе власти]]
| утицаји_од = [[Аристотел]], [[Томас Хобс]], [[Рене Декарт]], [[Никола Малебранш]]
| утицао_на = [[Дејвид Хјум]], [[Жан Жак Русо]], [[Георг Вилхелм Фридрих Хегел|Георг Хегел]], [[Емил Диркем]], [[Хана Арент]], [[Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante|Барант]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ousselin |first1=Edward |title=French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville: Liberty in a Levelled Society? (review) |journal=French Studies: A Quarterly Review |date=2009 |volume=63 |issue=2 |page=219 |doi=10.1093/fs/knn212 |s2cid=143571779 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262695 |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092841/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262695 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Монтескје''', пуним именом '''Шарл-Луј де Секонда, барон од Бреда и Монтескјеа''' ({{Јез-фр|Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu}};<ref>[https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/montesquieu "Montesquieu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121202909/https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/montesquieu |date=21 November 2014 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> [[18. јануар]] [[1689]] — [[10. фебруар]] [[1755]]) је био француски [[Филозофија|филозоф]], писац, моралиста, политички теоретичар и претеча [[социологија|социологије]] из доба [[Просветитељство|просветитељства]].
Монтескје је, заједно са другим фиозоофима попут [[Џон Лок|Џона Лока]], створио политички и социолошку теорију на којој се заснивају савремена друштва. Значајни су његови радови који разлажу државне функције ([[принцип поделе власти]]). У својим делима писао је о два модела политичких слобода: „ограничену слободу“ оличену у монархистичком режиму, и „екстремну слободу“ оличену у политичком систему Енглеске.<ref name="Boesche 1990 1">{{Harvnb|Boesche|1990|p=1}}.</ref>
Сарађивао је на писању [[Енциклопедија|Енциклопедије]]. Његова најпознатија дела су сатирични роман „Писма из Персије“ (''-{Lettres persanes}-'') из [[1721]]. године, и дело „О духу закона“ (''-{De l'Esprit des Lois}-'') из [[1748]]. године којим је формулисао теоријске принципе уставне монархије.
[[Датотека:Chateau la brede.jpg|thumb|лево|250п|Бреде Цастле]]
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Montesquieu was born at the [[Château de la Brède]] in southwest France, {{convert|25|km}} south of [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=bordeaux+map&ie=UTF-8&hq&hnear=0xd5527e8f751ca81:0x796386037b397a89,Bordeaux,+France&gl=us&ei=J4tmUrypF8u4kQe1-oDIBA&ved=0CC4Q8gEwAA|title=Bordeaux · France|website=Bordeaux · France}}</ref> His father, Jacques de Secondat (1654–1713), was a soldier with a long noble ancestry, including descent from [[Richard de la Pole]], [[House of York|Yorkist]] claimant to the [[King of England|English crown]]. His mother, Marie Françoise de Pesnel (1665–1696), who died when Charles was seven, was an heiress who brought the title of Barony of La Brède to the Secondat family.<ref>Sorel, A. ''Montesquieu''. London, George Routledge & Sons, 1887 (Ulan Press reprint, 2011), p. 10. {{ASIN|B00A5TMPHC}}</ref> His family was of [[Huguenot]] origin.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Enlightenment_Contested/GvETDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Montesquieu%22+%22huguenot%22&pg=PA269&printsec=frontcover | isbn=978-0-19-927922-7 | title=Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 | date=12 October 2006 | publisher=OUP Oxford }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Agreeable_Connexions/vCclEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Montesquieu%22+%22huguenot%22&pg=PT186&printsec=frontcover | isbn=9781907909085 | title=Agreeable Connexions: Scottish Enlightenment Links with France | date=5 November 2012 | publisher=Casemate Publishers }}</ref> After the death of his mother he was sent to the [[Catholic]] [[College of Juilly]], a prominent school for the children of French nobility, where he remained from 1700 to 1711.<ref>Sorel (1887), p. 11.</ref> His father died in 1713 and he became a ward of his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu.<ref>Sorel (1887), p. 12.</ref> He became a counselor of the Bordeaux [[Parlement]] in 1714. He showed preference for Protestantism<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Montesquieu_s_Liberalism_and_the_Problem/EHNqDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Montesquieu%22+%22protestantism%22&pg=PA194&printsec=frontcover | isbn=9781108552691 | title=Montesquieu's Liberalism and the Problem of Universal Politics | date=23 August 2018 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_Religion/po6UVzZ1WAAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Montesquieu%22+%22protestantism%22&pg=PA194&printsec=frontcover | isbn=9781139492614 | title=Civil Religion: A Dialogue in the History of Political Philosophy | date=25 October 2010 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> and in 1715 he married the [[Protestant]] Jeanne de Lartigue, who eventually bore him three children.<ref>Sorel (1887), pp. 11–12.</ref> The Baron died in 1716, leaving him his fortune as well as his title, and the office of [[président à mortier]] in the Bordeaux Parlement,<ref>Sorel (1887), pp. 12–13.</ref> a post that he would hold for twelve years.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=775}}
[[Датотека:Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des loix (1st ed, 1748, vol 1, title page).jpg|thumb|250п|Монтескје 1748 ''[[:File:Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des loix (1st ed, 1748, vol 1).pdf|De l'Esprit des loix]]'']]
Montesquieu withdrew from the [[lawyer|practice of law]] to devote himself to study and writing. He achieved literary success with the publication of his 1721 ''[[Persian Letters]]'' ({{lang-fr|Lettres persanes}}), a satire representing society as seen through the eyes of two [[Persians|Persian]] visitors to [[Paris]], cleverly criticizing absurdities of contemporary French society. The work was an instant classic and accordingly was immediately pirated. In 1722, he went to Paris and entered court circles with the help of [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick|Duke of Berwick]] whom he had known when Berwick was military governor at Bordeaux. He also acquainted himself with the English politician [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Viscount Bolingbroke]], whose political views were later incorporated into Montesquieu's analysis of English constitution. However, he was passed over for membership in the ''[[Académie Française]]'' on the technicality of his not living in Paris, and in 1726 he sold his office due to his resentment that his intellectual inferiors rose higher than him in court and received a fortune, thus reestablishing his dwindled asset. Eventually he made some concessions, including a residence in Paris, and was accepted into the ''Académie'' in January 1728.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=776}}
In April 1728, with Berwick's nephew [[James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave|Lord Waldegrave]] as his traveling companion, Montesquieu embarked on a grand tour of Europe, during which he kept a journal. His travels included Austria and [[Hungary]] and a year in Italy. He went to England at the end of October 1729, in the company of [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield|Lord Chesterfield]], where he became a freemason, admitted to the ''Horn Tavern'' Lodge in Westminster,.<ref>{{Harvnb|Berman|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQTvxkhqomsC&pg=PA150 150]}}</ref> He remained in England until the spring of 1731, when he returned to La Brède. Outwardly he seemed to be settling down as a squire: he altered his park in the English fashion, made inquiries into his own genealogy, and asserted his seignorial rights.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=776}} But he was continuously at work in his study, and his reflections on geography, laws and customs during his travels became the primary sources for his major works on political philosophy at this time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Montesquieu: A Critical Biography|last=Shackleton|first=Robert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1961|location=London|page=91|asin=B0007IT0BU|oclc=657943062}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Hansong|date=25 September 2018|title=The space of the sea in Montesquieu's political thought|journal=Global Intellectual History|volume=6|issue=4|pages=421–442|doi=10.1080/23801883.2018.1527184|s2cid=158285235}}</ref> He next published ''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline]]'' (1734), among his three best known books. It is considered by some scholars as a transition from ''Persian Letters'' to his master work ''The Spirit of Law'', which was originally published anonymously in 1748 and translated into English in 1750. It quickly rose to influence [[political thought]] profoundly in Europe and America. In France, the book met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Catholic Church banned ''The Spirit''—along with many of Montesquieu's other works—in 1751 and included it on the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of Prohibited Books]]. It received the highest praise from the rest of Europe, especially Britain.
Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in [[British North America|North America]] as a champion of liberty. According to one [[political scientist]], he was the most frequently quoted authority on government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America, cited more by the American founders than any source except for the [[Bible]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lutz|1984}}.</ref> Following the [[American Revolution]], his work remained a powerful influence on many of the American founders, most notably [[James Madison]] of [[Virginia]], the "Father of the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]]". Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another"<ref>Montesquieu, [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=MonLaws.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=137&division=div2 ''The Spirit of Law'', Book 11, Chapter 6, "On the English Constitution."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928071427/https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=MonLaws.xml&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=137&division=div2 |date=28 September 2013 }} Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, Retrieved 1 August 2012</ref> reminded Madison and others that a free and stable foundation for their new national government required a clearly defined and balanced separation of powers.
== Списак главних радова ==
* Memoirs and discourses at the Academy of Bordeaux (1718–1721): including discourses on echoes, on the renal glands, on weight of bodies, on transparency of bodies and on natural history, collected with introductions and critical apparatus in volumes 8 and 9 of ''Œuvres complètes'', Oxford and Naples, 2003–2006.
* ''Spicilège'' (''Gleanings'', 1715 onward)
* ''[[Persian Letters|Lettres persanes]]'' (''Persian Letters'', 1721)
* ''Le Temple de Gnide'' (''The Temple of Gnidos'', a prose poem; 1725)
* ''[[:fr:Histoire Véritable|Histoire véritable]]'' (''True History'', an "Oriental" tale; c. 1723–c. 1738)
* ''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline|Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence]]'' (''Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline'', 1734) at [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8613371v/f7.image.r=.langEN Gallica]
* ''Arsace et Isménie'' (''Arsace and Isménie'', a novel; 1742)
* ''De l'esprit des lois'' (''[[The Spirit of Law|(On) The Spirit of Law]]'', 1748) ([[:File:Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des loix (1st ed, 1748, vol 1).pdf|volume 1]] and [[:File:Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des loix (1st ed, 1748, vol 2).pdf|volume 2]] from [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ Gallica])
* ''Défense de "L'Esprit des lois"'' (''Defense of "The Spirit of Law"'', 1750)
* ''Essai sur le goût'' (''Essay on Taste'', published posthumously in 1757)
* ''Mes Pensées'' (''My Thoughts'', 1720–1755)
A critical edition of Montesquieu's works is being published by the Société Montesquieu. It is planned to total 22 volumes, of which (as of February 2022) all but five have appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique5|website=Institut d'histoire des représentations et des idées dans les modernités|title=''Œuvres complètes''|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707080400/http://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique5|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite journal |author-link=Roger Boesche |last=Boesche |first=Roger |year=1990 |title=Fearing Monarchs and Merchants: Montesquieu's Two Theories of Despotism |journal=[[The Western Political Quarterly]] |volume=43 |number=4 |pages=741–761 |jstor=448734 |doi=10.1177/106591299004300405 |s2cid=154059320}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Devletoglou |first=Nicos E. |year=1963 |title=Montesquieu and the Wealth of Nations |journal=[[The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.2307/139366 |jstor=139366}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kuznicki |first=Jason |title=Knight, Frank H. (1885–1972) |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n164 |isbn=978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024 |lccn=2008009151 |pages=341–342 |chapter=Montesquieu, Charles de Second de (1689–1755) |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n164.xml}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lutz |first=Donald S. |year=1984 |title=The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=78 |number=1 |pages=189–197 |jstor=1961257 |doi=10.2307/1961257}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Bède et de|volume=18|pages=775–778|first=George|last=Saintsbury|author-link=George Saintsbury}} This very dated article also contains some of Saintsbury's own critical opinions of Montesquieu's works and their reception, especially ''L'esprit des lois''.
* {{Cite book |last=Tomaselli |first=Sylvana |author-link=Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrews |chapter=The spirit of nations |title=''In Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler, eds.,'' The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought ''(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)'' |pages=9–39 |ref={{Harvid|Tomaselli|2006}}}}
* {{Citation |author=Althusser, Louis |author-link=Louis Althusser |title=Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx ''(London and New York: New Left Books, 1972)'' |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Althusser|1972}}}}
* {{Citation |author=Balandier, Georges |author-link=Georges Balandier |title=Political Anthropology ''(London: Allen Lane, 1970)'' |title-link=Penguin Books |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Balandier|1970}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Berman |first=Ric |year=2012 |title=The Foundations of Modern Freemasonry: The Grand Architects – Political Change and the Scientific Enlightenment, 1714–1740 ''(Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2012)'' |postscript=.}}
* {{Citation |last=Pocock |first=D. F. |title=Social Anthropology ''(London and New York: Sheed and Ward, 1961)'' |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Pocock|1961}}}}
* {{Citation |author=Ransel, David L. |title=The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party'' (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975) |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Ransel|1975}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Shackleton, Robert |author-link=Robert Shackleton |title=Montesquieu: a Critical Biography ''(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961)'' |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Shackleton|1961}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Shklar, Judith |title=Montesquieu ''(Oxford Past Masters series). (Oxford and New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1989)'' |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Shklar|1989}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Spurlin, Paul M. |title=Montesquieu in America, 1760–1801 ''(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1941; reprint, New York: Octagon Books, 1961)'' |postscript=. |ref={{Harvid|Spurlin|1961}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine |title=Montesquieu '' (Folio Bibliographies) (Paris: Gallimard, 2017). To be published in English translation in 2022 by Cambridge University Press under the title Montesquieu: Let there be Enlightenment.}}
* {{cite book |last= Ilbert |first=Courtenay |author-link= Courtenay Ilbert |chapter= Montesquieu |editor1= Macdonell, John |editor1-link = John_Macdonell_(judge)|editor2= Manson, Edward William Donoghue |title= Great Jurists of the World |place= London |publisher= John Murray |year= 1913 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n13 1]–16 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326|access-date= 14 February 2019 |via= Internet Archive}}
{{Refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
▲{{портал|Биографија}}
{{Commonscat|Montesquieu}}
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amode=words Монтескјеова дела на интернету]
Линија 33 ⟶ 85:
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Монтескје у енциклопедији филозофије]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060402230244/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Биографија]
* {{Gutenberg author|id=26352}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Librivox author|id=5314}}
* [https://archive.org/details/spirit_laws_01_1212 ''The Spirit of Laws (Volume 1)''] Audio book of Thomas Nugent translation
* [https://dictionnaire-montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/en/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227145018/http://dictionnaire-montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/en/home/ |date=27 February 2022 }} ''The Spirit of Law'', trans. Philip Stewart, open access.
* [https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique245] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213221758/http://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique245 |date=13 December 2020 }} ''Persian Letters'', trans. Philip Stewart, open access.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100408075609/https://www.livres-et-ebooks.fr/auteur/Montesquieu-2214/ Complete ebooks collection of Montesquieu] in French.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609014435/https://athena.unige.ch/athena/montesquieu/montesquieu_lettres_persanes.html ''Lettres persanes'' at athena.unige.ch] {
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110408194916/https://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/montesquieu.shtml Montesquieu, "Notes on England"]
{{нормативна контрола}}
{{портал бар|Биографија}}
[[Категорија:Рођени 1689.]]
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