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| сродне_групе = Остали [[алгонквински народи]]
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[[Датотека:Painted hide with geometric motivfs, Illinois Confed, 18th C..jpeg|мини|350px|
'''Илиноис''', '''Илинивек''' или '''Илини''' је [[Алгонквини|алгонквински народ]], који је од давнина насељавао слив реке [[Мисисипи (река)|Мисисипи]], састојао се од 12 до 13 племена, која су средином 17. века била насељена на територији данашњих америчких држава [[Илиноис]], [[Ајова]], [[Мисури]], [[Арканзас]] и [[Висконсин]]. Највећих 5 племена у то доба су Пеорија, Каскаскија, Кахокија, Мичигамеја и Тамароа.<ref name="
== Име ==
French missionaries who documented their interactions with the tribes note that the people referred to themselves as the ''Inoka''.<ref name="
In the 21st century, however, linguistic research demonstrates that ''ilinois'' derives indirectly from ''irenweewa'', meaning 'he speaks in the ordinary way'. While the [[Ojibwa]], who occupied neighboring areas around the eastern Great Lakes, pronunciation for this concept sounded to the French like, ''ilinwe''.<ref name="
== Историја ==
=== Настанак ===
The Illinois Confederation comprised 12 separate tribes who shared common language and culture. These tribes are the Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Peoria, Tamaroa, Moingwena, Michigamea, Chepoussa, Chinkoa, Coiracoentanon, Espeminkia, Maroa, Tapouara.<ref name=":154">{{Cite journal |last=Sweatman |first=Dennis |date=2010 |title=Comparing the Modern Native American Presence in Illinois with Other States of the Old Northwest Territory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41201286 |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=103 |issue=3/4 |pages=252–315 |jstor=41201286 |issn=1522-1067}}</ref> Of these 12, only the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaora remain; others were lost as distinct tribes to disease and warfare.<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |last=Yost |first=Author Russell |date=3. 4. 2018. |title=Illinois Confederacy Facts |url=https://thehistoryjunkie.com/illinois-confederacy-facts/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=The History Junkie |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":173">{{Cite journal |last=Powers |first=Amy Godfrey |date=1. 7. 2016. |title=The Settlers' Empire: Colonialism and State Formation in America's Old Northwest |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4151642431/the-settlers-empire-colonialism-and-state-formation |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=208 |doi=10.5406/jillistathistsoc.109.2.0208 |issn=1522-1067}}</ref> When the Illinois were first documented by Europeans in the 17th century, they were said to be a population of about 10,000 people.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |date=1920 |title=The Building of a State: The Story of Illinois: A Lecture by A. Milo Bennett, Delivered before the Press Club of Chicago, August 7, 1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40194478 |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=324–354 |jstor=40194478 |issn=0019-2287}}</ref> Although the number has significantly reduced, many of their descendants are today part of the Peoria Tribe of [[Miami, Oklahoma]], as part of the merged [[Confederated Peoria Tribe]].<ref name=":85">{{Cite web |title=Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/illinois-tribe/#:~:text=Today,%20many%20descendants%20of%20the,Peoria%20Tribe%20of%20Miami,%20Oklahoma. |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref><ref name="
=== Односи са Европљанима ===
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It is thought that when the French first encountered the Illiniwek tribes, there were as many as 10,000 members living in a vast area stretching from Lake Michigan out to the heart of Iowa and as far south as Arkansas.<ref name=":173"/> In the 1670s, the French found a village of the Kaskaskia in the Illinois River valley (the later site of present-day Utica), a village of Peoria in present-day Iowa (near the later site of Keokuk), and a village of the Michigamea in northeast Arkansas.
The Kaskaskia village, also known as [[Grand Village of the Illinois|the Grand Village of the Illinois]], was the largest and best-known village of the Illinois tribes.<ref name="
The French named the area ''Pays de Illinois,'' or "[[Illinois country]]", which came to be a common name in referring to the homeland of the Illinois.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Gillum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKA0OjZGL4C |title=Illinois in the War of 1812 |date=26. 1. 2012. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09455-2 |language=en}}</ref> The early French explorers, including [[Louis Jolliet]], [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]], produced accounts that documented the first discovery of the Illinois.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/illinois-tribe/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref> Because of these developments, the Illinois tribes became well known to European explorers. European colonization, values, and religion began to affect the tribes.<ref name="
In the late 17th century, the Iroquois, to expand their region and control the fur trade, forced the Kaskaskia and other Illinois out of their villages. They relocated to the south.<ref name="
In the early 1700s, the Illinois became involved in the conflict between the [[Meskwaki]], also known as "Fox", and the French, known as the [[Fox Wars]].<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":173"/> In 1722, the Meskwaki attacked the Peoria for having killed the nephew of one of their chiefs, and forced them onto [[Starved Rock State Park|Starved Rock]].<ref name=":214"/><ref name=":222" /> The Peoria sent out messengers asking for help from the French, but by the time they reached the site, many of the Peoria warriors had been killed.<ref name=":173"/> The French and their Illini, Miami, Potawatomi and Sac allies continued to battle the Meskwaki, but were unsuccessful until 1730. That year they besieged a Fox village on the [[Sangamon River]] and conducted a brutal attack.
By the mid 1700s, the 12 or 13 tribes of the Confederation had dwindled to five: the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa.<ref name="
=== Подела ===
Some of the Illinois people's prominent enemies were the Lakota (Sioux), [[Osage Nation|Osage]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], [[Sac and Fox Nation]] and [[Arikara]] to the west and the [[Quapaw]], [[Shawnee]], and [[Chickasaw]] to the south. Although these tribes were consistent threats, the Iroquois became the most pressing enemy of the Illinois beginning in the late 1600s.<ref name=":222" /> The Iroquois, looking for new hunting grounds after exhausting their own resources, killed or captured many Illinois people through their war parties.<ref name=":132"/><ref name=":222" /> This capture of land and people eventually pushed the Illinois out of the Great Lakes region and into present-day Kansas.<ref name=":162"/> Other than the internal conflict among the tribes themselves, the Illinois also faced threat from European forces that stirred conflict with them and started wars, some of in which the Illinois were recruited as allies.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Warfare |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/soc_war.html |access-date=24. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Neighbors:Enemies |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/soc_enemies.html |access-date=24. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref>
Additionally, with the expansion of European and Iroquois contact, the Illinois were exposed to a variety of new diseases that caused high mortality among them.<ref name=":19" /><ref name="
In 1854, the Illinois merged with the Wea and [[Piankeshaw|Piankashaw]] nations, renaming themselves as the Confederated Peoria Tribe.<ref name="
== Култура ==
=== Језик ===
Miami and Illinois are dialects of the same [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, spoken in Indiana and later Oklahoma. Though no native speakers of the language remain, language revival efforts are ongoing, and children from both the Miami and Peoria nations are learning to speak their ancestral language again.<ref name="
The Algonquian language is a North American Indian language family that was spoken in Canada, New England, the Atlantic coastal region, and the Great Lakes region, moving towards the Rocky Mountains. Although there are numerous Algonquian languages, such as Cree, Ojibwa, [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]], and Cheyenne, the term "Algonquin" is employed to refer to the dialect of Ojibwa, which is used by the Illinois.<ref name="
=== Улоге полова ===
Like most Native American tribes, the men of the Illinois were mainly hunters and warriors while the women had domestic and agricultural roles. However, records show that some women also had positions of leadership, including those for ritualistic purposes.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Illinois |url=http://www.tolatsga.org/ill.html |access-date=23. 10. 2020. |website=www.tolatsga.org}}</ref><ref name="
Outside of stereotypical social roles, some Illinois men played out the roles of women, likening their appearance to them. These people were called the Ikoneta, and referred to by the French as berdache. Current ethnographers considers the Ikoneta to have been bisexual. While these roles were more deliberate, young boys that demonstrated feminine tendencies were brought up as girls in both outerwear and domestic roles. As according to culture, they were tattooed and taught the language patterns that were specific to women.<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |title=THE ILLINI: LORDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY |url=http://rfester.tripod.com/ |access-date=13. 10. 2020. |website=rfester.tripod.com}}</ref>
=== Вера ===
People of all social roles and positions were very religious, relying on spiritual guidance to dictate every aspect of their lives.<ref name=":214"/> Hunters depended on spirits in catching wild animals, warriors asked the spirits for guidance before warfare, and shamans were regularly employed to absolve matters concerning physical and mental health.<ref name="
=== Народни обичаји ===
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== Друштво ==
=== Економија ===
The economy of the Illinois people was based on agriculture, hunting, and fishing. They depended heavily on agriculture, and generally had villages located near rivers where the soil was most fertile.<ref name=":34"/> Maize was the primary crop, but the Illinois also planted beans, squash, pumpkins, and watermelons, and gathered wild foods in the forests. Maize was planted in late spring and harvested prematurely in July, at which point most was preserved in order to prepare for the coming winter.<ref name="
At the time of European contact, the Illinois economy was largely self-sufficient. In the course of their yearly activities, the Illinois people produced virtually all of the foodstuffs and other material products they needed to maintain their way of life.<ref name=":182">{{Cite journal |date=1920 |title=The Building of a State: The Story of Illinois: A Lecture by A. Milo Bennett, Delivered before the Press Club of Chicago, August 7, 1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40194478 |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=324–354 |jstor=40194478 |issn=0019-2287}}</ref> However, the Illinois also participated in an extensive trading network. In exchange for hides, furs, and human slaves obtained from tribes living to their south and west, the Illinois traded with Great Lakes tribes and French traders for guns and other European goods.<ref name=":114">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Gerald A. |title=The changing Illinois Indians under European influence: The split Between the Kaskaskia and Peoria |publisher=West Virginia University |year=2009}}</ref> As time passed, traders and missionaries began to settle among the Illinois and their formerly self-sufficient economy became increasingly dependent upon their French allies.<ref name=":162"/>
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