Корисник:ADprom/песак — разлика између измена

TheФранцузи Frenchсу namedову theобласт назвали „Пеи де areaИлиноа” (''Pays de Illinois,''), orили "[[Illinois„земља country]]"Илиноиса”, whichовај cameназив toдомовине beИлиноиса aсе commonвременом name in referring to the homeland of the Illinoisуобичајио.<ref name=":19Ferguson">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Gillum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKA0OjZGL4C |title=Illinois in the War of 1812 |date=26. 1. 2012. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09455-2 |language=en}}</ref> TheРани earlyфранцуски French explorersистраживачи, includingукључујући [[LouisЛуја Jolliet]]Жолијеа, [[JacquesЖака Marquette]]Маркета andи [[RenéРене-RobertРоберта Cavelier,Кавалијеа Sieurсу deоставили Laписане Salle]],трагове producedо accountsодносу thatФранцуза documentedи theИлиноиса firstнакон discoveryњиховог ofпрвог the Illinoisсусрета.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/illinois-tribe/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref> BecauseЗбог ofчестих theseсусрета developments,са theФранцузима Illinoisилиноишка tribesплемена becameсу wellпостала knownдобро toпозната Europeanевропским explorersистраживачима. EuropeanЕвропска colonizationколонизација, values,вредности andи religionрелигија beganпочеле toсу affectда theутичу tribesна илиноишка племена.<ref name="Digital"/><ref name=":214Bilodeau">{{Cite journal |last=Bilodeau |first=Christopher |date=2001 |title="They Honor Our Lord among Themselves in Their Own Way": Colonial Christianity and the Illinois Indians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1185857 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=352–377 |doi=10.1353/aiq.2001.0045 |jstor=1185857 |s2cid=161531838 |issn=0095-182X}}</ref>

InУ theкасном late 17th17. centuryвеку, the[[Ирокези]] Iroquoisсу, toда expandби theirконтролисали regionтрговину andкрзном controlи theпроширили furсвоју tradeвласт на нове области, forcedнатерали theКаскаскије Kaskaskiaи andдруга otherилиноишка Illinoisплемена outда ofнапусте theirсвоја villagesсела. TheyИлиноиси relocatedсу toсе theзатим southпреселили на југ.<ref name="Gerald" /> AlthoughИако theсу IllinoisИлиноиси foughtу backто againstвреме theirпружили primaryотпор enemyсвојим atглавним the timeнепријатељима, theбили warsсу scatteredпринуђени andда killedсе manyраселе, ofнакон theirгубитка membersдела свог становништва у сукобу. EventuallyНа крају су theyипак reclaimedповратили someнеке ofод theirсвојих landsземаља.<ref name=":222Starved">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40204687 |access-date=23. 11. 2020. |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |jstor = 40204687 |language=en |last1 = Walczynski |first1 = Mark |title = The Starved Rock Massacre of 1769: Fact or Fiction |year = 2007 |volume = 100 |issue = 3 |pages = 215–236}}</ref>

In the early 1700s, the Illinois became involved in the conflict between the [[Meskwaki]], also known as "Fox", and the French, known as the [[Fox Wars]].<ref name=":19Ferguson" /><ref name="Powers"/> In 1722, the Meskwaki attacked the Peoria for having killed the nephew of one of their chiefs, and forced them onto [[Starved Rock State Park|Starved Rock]].<ref name=":214Bilodeau"/><ref name=":222Starved" /> The Peoria sent out messengers asking for help from the French, but by the time they reached the site, many of the Peoria warriors had been killed.<ref name="Powers"/> The French and their Illini, Miami, Potawatomi and Sac allies continued to battle the Meskwaki, but were unsuccessful until 1730. That year they besieged a Fox village on the [[Sangamon River]] and conducted a brutal attack.

By the mid 1700s, the 12 or 13 tribes of the Confederation had dwindled to five: the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa.<ref name="Gerald" /><ref name=":222Starved" /> European diseases drastically reduced the numbers of the Illinois. The wars had arisen due to the conflicts between tribes for resources and trade goods, or were initiated by European explorers looking to expand their land.<!-- repetitious --><ref name=":19Ferguson" /><ref name=":222Starved" /> The remaining descendants of the Illinois Confederation have merged with the Peoria and are known as the Peoria Tribe of Indians and reside in Ottawa County, Oklahoma.<ref name="illiniwek-confederation"/><ref name="Gerald" />

Some of the Illinois people's prominent enemies were the Lakota (Sioux), [[Osage Nation|Osage]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], [[Sac and Fox Nation]] and [[Arikara]] to the west and the [[Quapaw]], [[Shawnee]], and [[Chickasaw]] to the south. Although these tribes were consistent threats, the Iroquois became the most pressing enemy of the Illinois beginning in the late 1600s.<ref name=":222Starved" /> The Iroquois, looking for new hunting grounds after exhausting their own resources, killed or captured many Illinois people through their war parties.<ref name=":132"/><ref name=":222Starved" /> This capture of land and people eventually pushed the Illinois out of the Great Lakes region and into present-day Kansas.<ref name="IlliFacts"/> Other than the internal conflict among the tribes themselves, the Illinois also faced threat from European forces that stirred conflict with them and started wars, some of in which the Illinois were recruited as allies.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Warfare |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/soc_war.html |access-date=24. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Neighbors:Enemies |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/soc_enemies.html |access-date=24. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref>

Additionally, with the expansion of European and Iroquois contact, the Illinois were exposed to a variety of new diseases that caused high mortality among them.<ref name=":19Ferguson" /><ref name="Gerald" /> Through war and foreign disease, the Illinois population drastically declined to a village of about 300 people by 1778.<ref name=":154"/> Pushed out by the Iroquois and Shawnee and facing more numerous European settlers, the Illinois accepted a reservation in 1832 at the [[Big Muddy River]] south of Kaskaskia. But within a few months, they ceded the rest of their territory and migrated in order to settle on a reservation in Eastern Kansas.<ref>[https://www.lib.niu.edu/2003/ih040313.html The Kaskaskia Reservation], Michael Tow, ''Illinois Heritage'', 13</ref>

People of all social roles and positions were very religious, relying on spiritual guidance to dictate every aspect of their lives.<ref name=":214Bilodeau"/> Hunters depended on spirits in catching wild animals, warriors asked the spirits for guidance before warfare, and shamans were regularly employed to absolve matters concerning physical and mental health.<ref name="Digital"/> However, with the arrival of the European missionaries in the late 1600s, Jesuit missions were established as a means to convert the Illinois to Christianity.<ref name=":214Bilodeau"/><ref name="Digital"/> While a great portion of the tribes eventually converted, some tribal elders rejected the religions and worked to retain their beliefs in the spirit world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Beliefs |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/il_be.html |access-date=23. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref>

The Illinois men and women practiced dream seeking, a ritual in which young boys and girls of about fifteen years of age would paint their face and isolate themselves to fast and pray as a means to reveal to them a specific spirit guardian upon which they would depend on to guide them for the rest of their lives.<ref name=":214Bilodeau"/> Called [[manitou]], this vision quest was an important part of becoming an adult in the lives of the Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ILLINI: LORDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY |url=http://rfester.tripod.com/ |access-date=23. 10. 2020. |website=rfester.tripod.com}}</ref><ref name=":45"/>

The Illinois had two burial procedures. One is the burial of bodies that were intact, and the other for burials of skeletons that were placed on scaffolds prior to the ceremony. Only people of the same gender and age of the dead person could participate as a part of their burial crew.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |title=The Illinois Confederation / Illini / Illiniwek|url=http://chicagocityofbigshoulders.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-illinois-confederation-illini.html |access-date=13. 10. 2020. |website=chicagocityofbigshoulders.blogspot.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":214Bilodeau"/> For bodies that were intact, the cadavers were ceremonially dressed and placed in their grave along with funeral objects that would accompany them into the afterlife. A wooden cover is placed over their graves in order to prevent animals and environmental factors from disturbing the grave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Beliefs:Death |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/be_death.html |access-date=23. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref>

Although specific dates are unknown, the Illinois Confederation had at one time been one large nation without any divisions of smaller tribes. They were divided into smaller groups once their population proved to be too large to meet effective hunting and agricultural needs.<ref name="Building18" /> But even after the split, all the tribes maintained a strong sense of unification as one nation of the Illini. The structures of authority are set out to have one central authority, called the Great Chief, and Chiefs under him that lead each individual tribe.<ref name=":192Ferguson">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Gillum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKA0OjZGL4C |title=Illinois in the War of 1812 |date=26. 1. 2012. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09455-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":214Bilodeau"/> One such Great Chief that is noteworthy in European history is Mamantouensa, who even traveled to France.<ref name=":58"/> Direct political leadership was established and maintained by peace chiefs, who were in charge of organizing communal hunting expeditions and communicating with leaders of other tribes.<ref name=":192Ferguson" /> Although highly respected, peace chiefs did not have the authority of village chiefs, and made decisions that were enforced through persuasion over force. War chiefs had the power to plan and lead raids on other tribes.<ref name="Powers"/><ref name=":214Bilodeau" /> These roles were not inherited, but could be achieved through a demonstration of great battle skills, as well as through convincing the other warriors that his manitou could guide them into a successful raid.<ref name=":192Ferguson" /> For those who died in the battle, it was the war chief's role to compensate the families of the deceased through gifts and lead another raid against those who killed the warrior as a means to enact vengeance.<ref name=":192Ferguson" /><ref name="Building18" /> Primarily only men were allowed to be chiefs, although women sometimes had leadership roles in the community as village chiefs.<ref name=":124"/>