Пагода — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Куле пореклом из источне Азије}}
[[Слика:Ichijoji Kasai13bs4272.jpg|мини|десно|
'''Пагода''' је од Португалаца преузет и само у Европи уобичајен назив за индијске, кинеске, корејске и јапанске обредне грађевине од камена или дрвета. То су углавном [[будизам|будистички]] храмови. У Индији се називају [[ступа]], у Мианмару дагаба.▼
▲'''Пагода''' је од Португалаца преузет и само у Европи уобичајен назив за индијске, кинеске, корејске и јапанске обредне грађевине од камена или дрвета. То су углавном [[будизам|будистички]] храмови. У Индији се називају [[ступа]], у Мианмару дагаба.<ref name="The Origin of Pagodas">{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43498.htm |title=The Origin of Pagodas |publisher=China.org.cn |date=19 September 2002 |access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>''The Evolution of Indian Stupa Architecture in East Asia''. Eric Stratton. New Delhi, Vedams, 2002, viii, {{ISBN|81-7936-006-7}}</ref><ref name=Ency/>
Пагода је висока грађевина налик на торањ (60-125 -{m}-), обично кружног облика, која служи будистичком култу и за чување реликвија. У Кини т'ах, торањ са 7-13 спратова полигоналне или кружне основе; поједини спратови имају избочене кровове, а о њихове узвијене ивице обешена су звона. Најстарија кинеска пагода потиче из [[522]]. године. Од [[1412]]. до [[1431]]. саграђен је у облику пагоде чувени порцелански торањ код [[Нанкинг]]а (разорен 1853), који је био обложен глазираним глиненим рељефима. Кинеска пагода може имати и облик павиљона.▼
▲Пагода је висока грађевина налик на торањ (60-125 -{m}-), обично кружног облика, која служи будистичком култу и за чување реликвија. У Кини т'ах, торањ са 7-13 спратова полигоналне или кружне основе; поједини спратови имају избочене кровове, а о њихове узвијене ивице обешена су звона.<ref>{{cite book|title=Architecture and Building|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg0aAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA245|year=1896|publisher=W.T. Comstock|page=245}}</ref><ref name="steinhardt 387">Steinhardt, 387.</ref> Најстарија кинеска пагода потиче из [[522]]. године. Од [[1412]]. до [[1431]]. саграђен је у облику пагоде чувени порцелански торањ код [[Нанкинг]]а (разорен 1853), који је био обложен глазираним глиненим рељефима. Кинеска пагода може имати и облик павиљона.
[[Јапан]]ска пагода - то развила се из кинеских и корејских дрвених пагода. Најстарија јапанска пагода је у [[храм]]у Хорyуји код Наре.
Грађевине ове врсте имају богато разведене архитектонске форме, а декорисане су фигуралним пластичним украсом и орнаментима.
== Историја ==
{{рут}}
[[Датотека:Kek Lok Si pagoda styles.svg|250px|thumb|лево|[[Kek Lok Si]] pagoda tiers labelled with their architectural styles]]
The origin of the pagoda can be traced to the [[stupa]] (3rd century BCE).<ref name=Ency>{{Britannica|438284|Pagoda}}</ref> The stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used as a commemorative monument to house sacred relics and writings.<ref name=Ency/><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HrzPlqLjR1MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false A World History of Architecture]''. Michael W. Fazio, Marian Moffett, Lawrence Wodehouse. Published 2003. McGraw-Hill Professional. {{ISBN|0-07-141751-6}}.</ref> In East Asia, the architecture of Chinese towers and [[Chinese pavilion]]s blended into pagoda architecture, eventually also spreading to Southeast Asia. Their construction was popularized by the efforts of [[Buddhist missionary|Buddhist missionaries]], pilgrims, rulers, and ordinary devotees to honor Buddhist relics.<ref>''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture''. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.</ref>
Japan has a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before 1850.<ref name=hanazato10>{{cite journal |title=Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure |year=2010 |url=http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2010/79.pdf |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.79|last1=Hanazato |first1=Toshikazu |last2=Minowa |first2=Chikahiro |last3=Niitsu |first3=Yasushi |last4=Nitto |first4=Kazuhiko |last5=Kawai |first5=Naohito |last6=Maekawa |first6=Hideyuki |last7=Morii |first7=Masayuki |journal=Advanced Materials Research |volume=133-134 |pages=79–95 |s2cid=135707895 }}</ref>
=== Кина ===
[[File:Zhengding Lingxiao Pagoda 3.jpg|thumb|десно|250px|The [[Lingxiao Pagoda]] of [[Zhengding]], Hebei, built in 1045 AD during the [[Song dynasty]], with little change in later renovations.]]
The earliest styles of Chinese pagodas were square-base and circular-base, with [[octagon]]al-base towers emerging in the 5th–10th centuries. The highest Chinese pagoda from the pre-modern age is the [[Liaodi Pagoda]] of Kaiyuan Monastery, Dingxian, [[Hebei]], completed in the year 1055 AD under [[Emperor Renzong of Song]] and standing at a total height of 84 m (275 ft). Although it no longer stands, the tallest pre-modern pagoda in Chinese history was the {{convert|100|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall wooden pagoda}} of [[Chang'an]], built by [[Emperor Yang of Sui]],<ref>Benn, 62.</ref> and possibly the short-lived 6th century [[Yongning Pagoda]] ([[:zh:永宁寺塔|永宁宝塔]]) of [[Luoyang]] at roughly 137 meter. The tallest pre-modern pagoda still standing is the Liaodi Pagoda. In April 2007 a new wooden pagoda [[Pagoda of Tianning Temple (Changzhou)|Tianning Temple]] of [[Changzhou]] was opened to the public, the tallest in China, standing 154 m (505 ft).
== Симболика и геомантија ==
[[File:Zhengding Kaiyuan Temple 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Xumi Pagoda]], built in 636 AD during the [[Tang dynasty]].]]
[[Chinese art|Chinese]] [[iconography]] is noticeable in [[Chinese pagoda|Chinese]] and other East Asian pagoda architectures. Also prominent is Buddhist iconography such as the image of the [[Shakyamuni Buddha|Shakyamuni]] and [[Gautama Buddha]] in the ''[[Mudra#Abhaya Mudr.C4.81|abhaya mudra]].''<ref>''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'' By John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}. p. 83</ref><ref>''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture''. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}. page 83</ref> In an article on Buddhist elements in [[Han dynasty]] art, Wu Hung suggests that in these temples, [[Buddhist symbolism]] was fused with native Chinese traditions into a unique system of symbolism.<ref>''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture''. John Kieschnick. Published 2003. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}. page 84</ref>
== Архитектура ==
Pagodas come in many different sizes,<ref>{{cite book|last=Terry|first=T. Philip|title=Terry's Japanese Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/terrysjapanesee00terrgoog|year=1914|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrysjapanesee00terrgoog/page/n568 257]}}</ref> with taller ones often attracting [[lightning strike]]s, inspiring a tradition that the [[finial]] decoration of the top of the structure can seize demons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christel|first=Pascal|title=Splendour of Buddhism in Burma: A Journey to the Golden Land|year=2020|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore}}</ref> Today many pagodas have been fitted with wires making the finial into a [[lightning conductor|lightning rod]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spacey |first1=John |title=Japanese Temple Architecture in 60 Seconds |url=https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/temple-architecture |website=Japan Talk |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
Wooden pagodas possess certain characteristics thought to resist earthquake damage. These include the friction damping and
sliding effect of the complex wooden [[dougong]] joints,<ref name="tokmakova17">{{cite news |last1=Tokmakova |first1=Anastasia |title=2,500-year-old Chinese wood joints that make buildings earthquake-proof |url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150019184/2-500-year-old-chinese-wood-joints-that-make-buildings-earthquake-proof |publisher=Archinect |date=24 July 2017}}</ref> the structural isolation of floors, the effects of wide eaves analogous to a balancing toy, and the [[Shinbashira]] phenomenon that the center column is bolted to the rest of the superstructure.<ref name=nakahara00/>
The pagodas in Himalayas are derived from [[Kath kuni architecture]], very different from Chinese and Japanese styles.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chihara |first=Daigorō|author-link=Daigorō Chihara|title=Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC&pg=PA28|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10512-3|page=28}}</ref>
== Грађевински материјал ==
During the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] pagodas were mostly built of wood, as were other ancient Chinese structures. Wooden pagodas are resistant to earthquakes, and no Japanese pagoda has been destroyed by an earthquake,<ref name="nakahara00">{{cite news |author=Koji NAKAHARA, Toshiharu HISATOKU, Tadashi NAGASE and Yoshinori TAKAHASHI |title=EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF ANCIENT FIVE-STORY PAGODA STRUCTURE OF HORYU-JI TEMPLE IN JAPAN |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/1229.pdf |issue=1229/11/A |publisher=12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering |date=2000}}</ref> but they are prone to fire, natural rot, and insect infestation.
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
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{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{
* [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/ Oriental architecture.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120210330/http://www.ruleworks.co.uk/Ayrshire/culzean-pagoda.asp Culzean Pagoda (Monkey House) – the only stone built pagoda in Britain]
* [http://www.economist.com/daily/columns/techview/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14156084&fsrc=nwl "Why so few Japanese pagodas have ever fallen down"] (''[[The Economist]]'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929081006/http://www.donsmith.net.cn/Pagoda-Gallery/Pagoda-Gallery-Thumbnails.htm Chinese pagoda gallery (211 pics)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070121180106/http://www.nudieman.com/anrg/index.html The Bei-Hai (Beijing), The Flower Pagoda (Guangdong), The Great Gander Pagoda (Xian), The White Pagoda (Liaoyang)]
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/TR-e/43208.htm The Songyue Pagoda at China.org.cn]
* [http://french.china.org.cn/english/features/43490.htm Structure of Pagodas, including the underground palace, base, body and steeple, at China.org.cn]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum]
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