Зидарство — разлика између измена

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Ред 1:
{{Short description|Изградња објеката од појединачних јединица камена, цигле или блокова}}
[[Датотека:Mason_at_work.jpg|мини|300x300пискел| Зидар који полаже малтер на готов блок пре постављања следећег блока ]]
 
'''Зидарство''' представља изградњу грађевина од појединачних јединица које се често постављају и вежу [[Malter|малтером]]; појам ''зидање'' може се односити и на саме јединице. Уобичајени материјали зидане конструкције су [[Опека|цигла]], грађевински [[Стене|камен]] попут [[Мермер|мермера]], [[Гранит|гранита]] и [[Кречњак|кречњака]], [[Ливени камен|ливеног камена]], [[Бетонски блок|бетонског блока]], [[Стакло|стакленог]] блока и [[Непечена опека|ћерпича]]. Зидарство је углавном високо издржљив облик градње. Међутим, употребљени материјали, квалитет малтера и израда, као и образац склапања јединица могу значајно утицати на трајност целокупне зидане конструкције.
 
== Цигла ==
{{rut}}
[[File: Brick Work 2015-02-8 278.jpg|thumb|250px|Brick Work]]
Solid [[brickwork]] is made of two or more [[wythe]]s of bricks with the units running horizontally (called ''stretcher'' bricks) bound together with bricks running [[:wikt:transverse|transverse]] to the wall (called "header" bricks). Each row of bricks is known as a course. The pattern of headers and stretchers employed gives rise to different 'bonds' such as the common bond (with every sixth course composed of headers), the English bond, and the Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher and header bricks present on every course). Bonds can differ in strength and in insulating ability. Vertically staggered bonds tend to be somewhat stronger and less prone to major cracking than a non-staggered bond.
 
== Бетонски блок ==
[[Image:CMUs.jpg|thumb|250px|Concrete masonry units (CMUs) or blocks in a basement wall before burial.]]
Blocks of cinder concrete (''[[Concrete masonry unit|cinder blocks]]'' or ''breezeblocks''), ordinary concrete (''[[Concrete masonry unit|concrete blocks]]''), or hollow tile are generically known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs). They usually are much larger than ordinary bricks and so are much faster to lay for a wall of a given size. Furthermore, cinder and concrete blocks typically have much lower [[water]] absorption rates than brick. They often are used as the structural core for veneered brick masonry or are used alone for the walls of factories, garages, and other [[Industrial Style|industrial-style]] buildings where such appearance is acceptable or desirable. Such blocks often receive a [[stucco]] surface for decoration. Surface-bonding [[cement]], which contains synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength to a block wall. Surface-bonding cement is often pre-colored and can be stained or painted thus resulting in a finished stucco-like surface.
 
The primary structural advantage of concrete blocks in comparison to smaller clay-based bricks is that a CMU wall can be reinforced by filling the block voids with [[concrete]] with or without steel [[rebar]]. Generally, certain voids are designated for filling and reinforcement, particularly at corners, wall-ends, and openings while other voids are left empty. This increases wall strength and stability more economically than filling and reinforcing all voids. Typically, structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a bond beam. [[Bond beam]]s are often a requirement of modern [[building code]]s and controls. Another type of steel reinforcement referred to as [[ladder-reinforcement]], can also be embedded in horizontal mortar joints of concrete block walls. The introduction of steel reinforcement generally results in a CMU wall having much greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls.
 
"Architectural masonry is the evolvement of standard concrete masonry blocks into aesthetically pleasing concrete masonry units (CMUs)".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS|url=https://ncma.org/resource/architectural-concrete-masonry-units/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=NCMA|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621082615/https://ncma.org/resource/architectural-concrete-masonry-units/|url-status=live}}</ref> CMUs can be manufactured to provide a variety of surface appearances. They can be colored during manufacturing or stained or painted after installation. They can be split as part of the manufacturing process, giving the blocks a rough face replicating the appearance of natural stone, such as [[brownstone]]. CMUs may also be scored, ribbed, sandblasted, polished, striated (raked or brushed), include decorative aggregates, be allowed to slump in a controlled fashion during curing, or include several of these techniques in their manufacture to provide a decorative appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncma.org/resources/productuse/products/concrete/Pages/GroundFaceUnits%28Burnished,Honed%29.aspx |title=Ground Face Units (Burnished, Honed) |access-date=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521200939/http://www.ncma.org/resources/productuse/products/concrete/Pages/GroundFaceUnits(Burnished,Honed).aspx |archive-date=2009-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
"Glazed concrete masonry units are manufactured by bonding a permanent colored facing (typically composed of polyester resins, silica sand and various other chemicals) to a concrete masonry unit, providing a smooth impervious surface."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncma.org/resources/productuse/products/concrete/Pages/Glazed%28Prefaced%29Units.aspx |title=Glazed (Prefaced) Units |access-date=2009-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521200923/http://www.ncma.org/resources/productuse/products/concrete/Pages/Glazed%28Prefaced%29Units.aspx |archive-date=2009-05-21 }}</ref>
 
== Пасивна заштита од пожара (PFP) ==
Masonry walls have an [[endothermic]] effect of its [[hydrate]]s, as in chemically bound [[water]], unbound moisture from the concrete block, and the poured concrete if the hollow cores inside the blocks are filled. Masonry can withstand temperatures up to 1,000&nbsp;°F and it can withstand direct exposure to fire for up to 4 hours. In addition to that, concrete masonry keeps fires contained to their room of origin 93% of the time. For those reasons, concrete and masonry units hold the highest flame spread index classification, Class A.<ref name="AD">{{cite book |author1=Allen, Edward |author2=Rand, Patrick |title=Architectural Detailing: Function, Constructibility, Aesthetics |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=9781118881996 |page=137 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architectural_Detailing/HBYWCgAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
 
== Машинско моделовање зиданих конструкција ==
 
[[Image:Comparison masonry.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A comparison (using transmission [[photoelasticity]]) between the stress diffusion in an elastic body (on the left) and a model of masonry (on the right). A highly localized stress percolation is visible on the right.]]
 
From the point of view of material modeling, masonry is a special material of extreme mechanical properties (with a very high ratio between strength in compression and in tension), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do in elastic bodies, but tend to percolate along lines of high stiffness.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ing.unitn.it/~bigoni|title=Davide Bigoni|publisher=Solid and Structural Mechanics Group – University of Trento|website=www.ing.unitn.it|access-date=2011-11-27|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818112658/http://www.ing.unitn.it/~bigoni/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ing.unitn.it/dims/ssmg/masonry.html |title=video |access-date=2011-11-27 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501102925/http://www.ing.unitn.it/dims/ssmg/masonry.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Референце ==
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{{refend}}
 
== Спољашње везе ==
{{commons category|Masonry (craft)}}
* [http://www.masoncontractors.org Mason Contractors Association of America]
 
* [http://www.imiweb.org International Masonry Institute]
{{клица-архитектура}}
* [http://www.ncma.org National Concrete Masonry Association]
* [http://www.masonryinstitute.org/ Masonry Institute of America]
* [http://pubs.marble-institute.com/pub/2f97b746-008e-67cc-2372-24f98cc0fdfb Illustrated Glossary of Stone Industry Terms]
 
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