Неустрија — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Западни део краљевства Франака}}
[[Датотека:Francia 714.png|thumb|250px|Франачка 714. године]]
'''Неустрија''' је била северозападни део [[Франачка|Франачке државе]] под [[Меровинзи]]ма од 6. до 8. века.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Neustria |volume=19 |page=441 |first=Christian |last=Pfister}}</ref> Настала је [[511]]. године, након смрти [[Хлодовех I|Хлодовех]]а, кад се Франачко краљевство поделило између његових синова, спајањем региона од [[Аквитанија|Аквитаније]] до [[Ламанш]]а са северном границом данашње Француске и Паризом и Соасоном као главним градовима. Касније је то постао назив за регион између Сене и Лоаре познат под именом Неустријска краљевина, подкраљевина која је чинила део Каролиншког царства и касније Западне Франачке. Каролиншки краљеви су такође од Неустрије створили марку која је била погранична грофоција против [[Бретони|Бретона]] и [[Викинзи|Викинга]] која је постојала све до касног 10. века и династије Капета.
Неустрија је такође био и назив за северозападну Италију током лангобардске владавине.
== Име ==
{{рут}}
The name ''Neustria'' is mostly explained as "new western land",<ref>y J. B. Benkard, ''Historical Sketch of the German Emperors and Kings'' (1855), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q6jAlIo5c44C&pg=PP18#v=onepage&q&f=false p.2 ];
e.g. Will Slatyer, ''Ebbs and Flows of Ancient Imperial Power, 3000 BC - 900 AD'' (2012), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ns4IInA8x9IC&pg=PA323 p. 323];
{{cite book |first=Edward |last=James |author-link=Edward James (historian) |title=The Franks |series=The Peoples of Europe |location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1988 |isbn=0-631-17936-4 |page=232}}</ref> although Taylor (1848) suggested the interpretation of "northeastern land".<ref>'"Ni-oster-rike" [That is, Northeastern kingdom.]' {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William Cooke |title=A Manual of Ancient and Modern History |date=1848 |publisher=D. Appleton |location=[[New York Public Library]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofancientm00tayluoft/page/342 342] |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofancientm00tayluoft|quote=Oster-rike. }}</ref>
''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1913) even suggested "not the eastern land" (''icke östland'').<ref>Meijer et al. (eds.), ''Nordisk familjebok'', Ny, rev. och rikt illustrerad upplaga (1913), p. 841.</ref> [[Augustin Thierry]] (1825) assumed ''Neustria'' is simply a corruption of ''Westria'', from ''West-rike'' "western realm".<ref>Augustin Thierry, ''History of the Conquest of England by the Normans'' (1825), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xSGP319ZyHQC&pg=PA55 p. 55].</ref> In any case, ''Neustria'' contrasts with the name ''[[Austrasia]]'' "eastern realm".
The analogy to ''Austrasia'' is even more explicit in the variant ''Neustrasia''.<ref>''Neustrasia'' appears to be preferred by some authors writing in [[New Latin]], e.g. by [[Caesar Baronius]] (d. 1607); [[Augustin Theiner]] (ed.) ''Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii'' t. 11, (1867), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MhpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA583 p. 583].</ref>
''[[Neustria (Italy)|Neustria]]'' was also employed as a term for northwestern Italy during the period of [[Lombards|Lombard]] domination. It was contrasted with the northeast, which was called Austrasia, the same term as given to [[Austrasia|eastern Francia]].
== Меровиншко краљевство ==
The predecessor to Neustria was a Roman rump state, the [[Kingdom of Soissons]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbz9IyOvfPoC|title=Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751|last=Bachrach|first=Bernard S.|date=1972|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816657001|page=3|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJt_mPtdo7YC&pg=PA111|title=Late Roman Warlords|last=MacGeorge|first=Penny|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925244-0|pages=111–113|access-date=September 23, 2013}}</ref> In 486 its ruler, [[Syagrius]], lost the [[Battle of Soissons (486)|Battle of Soissons]] to the [[Franks|Frankish]] king [[Clovis I]] and the domain was thereafter under the control of the Franks. Constant re-divisions of territories by Clovis's descendants resulted in many rivalries that, for more than two hundred years, kept Neustria in almost constant warfare with Austrasia, the eastern portion of the Frankish [[Monarchy|Kingdom]].
Despite the wars, Neustria and Austrasia re-united briefly on several occasions. The first was under [[Clotaire I]] during his reign from 558 to 562. The struggle for power continued with Queen [[Fredegund]] of Neustria, the widow of King [[Chilperic I]] (reigned 566–584) and the mother of the new king [[Clotaire II]] (reigned 584–628), unleashing a bitter war.
After his mother's death and burial in [[Saint Denis Basilica]] near Paris in 597, [[Clotaire II]] continued the struggle against [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Queen Brunhilda]], and finally triumphed in 613 when Brunhilda's followers betrayed the old queen into his hands. Clotaire had Brunhilda put to the [[rack (torture)|rack]] and stretched for three days, then chained between four horses and eventually ripped limb from limb. Clotaire now ruled a united realm, but only for a short time as he made his son [[Dagobert I]] king of Austrasia. Dagobert's accession in Neustria resulted in another temporary unification.
In Austrasia under the [[Arnulfing]] [[Mayor of the Palace|mayor]] [[Grimoald the Elder]] attempted a [[coup]] against his liege, [[Clovis II]] had him removed and again reunited the kingdom from Neustria, but again temporarily. During or soon after the reign of Clovis's son [[Chlothar III]], the dynasty of Neustria, like that of Austrasia before it, ceded authority to its own mayor of the palace.
In 678, Neustria, under Mayor [[Ebroin]], subdued the Austrasians for the last time. Ebroin was murdered in 680. In 687, [[Pippin of Herstal]], mayor of the palace of the King of Austrasia, defeated the Neustrians at [[Tertry, Somme|Tertry]]. Neustria's mayor [[Berchar]] was assassinated shortly afterwards and following a marriage alliance between Pippin's son [[Drogo of Champagne|Drogo]] and Berthal's widow, Pippin became mayor of the Neustrian palace.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Carolingian world|last=Marios.|first=Costambeys|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Innes, Matthew., MacLean, Simon.|isbn=9780521564946|location=Cambridge|pages=38–39|oclc=617425106}}</ref>
Pippin's descendants, the [[Carolingian]]s, continued to rule the two realms as mayors. With [[Pope Stephen II]]'s blessing, after 751 the Carolingian [[Pippin III|Pippin the Short]], formally deposed the Merovingians and took control of the empire, he and his descendants ruling as kings.
Neustria, Austrasia, and [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] then became united under one authority and, although it would split once again into various eastern and western divisions, the names "Neustria" and "Austrasia" gradually disappeared.
== Каролиншко поткраљевство ==
In 748, the brothers [[Pepin the Short]] and [[Carloman, son of Charles Martel|Carloman]] gave their younger brother [[Grifo (noble)|Grifo]] twelve counties in Neustria centred on that of [[Le Mans]]. This [[polity]] was termed the ''ducatus Cenomannicus'', or Duchy of Maine, and this was an alternative name for the ''regnum'' of Neustria well into the 9th century.
The term "Neustria" took on the meaning of "land between the [[Seine]] and [[Loire]]" when it was given as a ''regnum'' ([[Monarchy|kingdom]]) by [[Charlemagne]] to his second son, [[Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne|Charles the Younger]], in 790. At this time, the chief city of the [[Monarchy|kingdom]] appears to be Le Mans, where the royal court of Charles was established. Under the [[Carolingian dynasty]], the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the [[Frankish Empire|Franks]] over the Bretons.
== Каролиншки марш ==
In 861, the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] king [[Charles the Bald]] created the [[Marches of Neustria]] that were ruled by officials appointed by the crown, known as [[wiktionary:Warden|warden]]s, [[prefect]]s or [[margrave]]s. Originally, there were two marches, one against the [[Bretons]] and one against the [[Norsemen]], often called the Breton March and Norman March respectively.<ref>Julia M. H. Smith (1992), ''Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p.105.</ref>
== Историографија ==
The chief contemporary chronicles written from a Neustrian perspective are the ''History of the Franks'' by [[Gregory of Tours]], the ''[[Liber Historiae Francorum|Book of the History of the Franks]]'',<ref>Bruno Krusch (1888) discounts the credibility of ''Liber Historiae Francorum''.</ref> the ''[[Annales Bertiniani|Annals of St-Bertin]]'', the ''[[Annales Vedastini|Annals of St-Vaast]]'', the ''Annals'' by [[Flodoard of Reims]], and the ''History of the conflicts of the Gauls'' by ''[[Richer of Reims]]''.<ref>Hodgkin, vol. vii, p 25.</ref>
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* [[Gregory of Tours]]. ''The History of the Franks''. trans. by Ernest Brehaut. 1916. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html Excerpts here]
* [[Gregory of Tours]]. ''The History of the Franks''. 2 vol. trans. [[Ormonde Maddock Dalton|O. M. Dalton]]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
* [[Bernard Bachrach|Bachrach, Bernard S.]] (trans.) ''[[Liber Historiae Francorum]]''. 1973.
* [[Bernard Bachrach|Bachrach, Bernard S.]] ''Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971. {{ISBN|0-8166-0621-8}}
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* Geary, Patrick J. ''Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-19-504458-4}}
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* Lewis, Archibald R. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2851704 The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751.]" ''Speculum'', Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410.
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* [[Herbert Schutz|Schutz, Herbert]]. ''The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750''. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
* [[John Michael Wallace-Hadrill|Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.]] ''The Long-Haired Kings''. London: Butler & tanner Ltd, 1962.
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* {{cite book|author=George Muir Bussey, Thomas Gaspey and Théodose Burette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4gGAAAAQAAJ&q=Domain+of+Soissons+Syagrius&pg=PA52 |title=A History of France and of the French People |year = 1850| access-date=2009-04-20}}
* {{cite book|author=Lucien Bély and Angela Moyon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&q=kingdom+of+Soissons+Syagrius+Paulus&pg=PA16 |title=The History of France |year = 2001| access-date=2009-04-20 | isbn=978-2-87747-563-1}}
* Smith, Julia M. H. ''Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians''. Cambridge University Press: 1992.
* Guillotel, Hubert. "Une autre marche de Neustrie." ''Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident médiéval''. Edited [[Christian Settipani]] and Katharine S. B. Keats-Rohan. 2000.
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{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Neustria}}
{{нормативна контрола}}
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