Кнез — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Историјска словенска титула за владара}}{{рут}}
{{For|црногорског певача|Кнез (певач)}}
[[Датотека:TzarBorisDidacticGospelConstantinePreslavski.jpg|250px|thumb|Until [[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris I]] (852–889) the title of the Bulgarian monarchs was {{lang|sla|knyaz}} ({{lang|sla-Cyrl|Кнѣзъ}}). His son, [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]] (893–927), adopted the title [[Tsar]] (emperor), which became the title of the subsequent Bulgarian rulers.]]
'''Кнез''' ({{јез-нем|Fürst}}; жен. '''кнегиња''') је назив за племићку титулу која потиче од [[латински језик|латинског]] израза ''-{princeps}-'', а по рангу се налази непосредно испод [[краљ]]а. Кнез може бити изнад ранга [[војвода|војводе]], али и у неким државама његов [[синоним]]. Кнежеви управљају територијом која се назива '''[[кнежевина]]''', а која може бити и суверена држава. Израз '''кнез''' је у [[славенски језици|славенске језике]] ушао као позајмица од [[Старогермански језик|старогерманске]] речи ''-{kuning}-'' која је означавала [[краљ]]а.<ref>de Madariaga, I. (1997) "Tsar into emperor: the title of Peter the Great", in Hatton, R.M. et al. ''Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe'', Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. {{page|year=|isbn=9780521026512|pages=354}}</ref>▼
▲'''Кнез''' ({{јез-нем|Fürst}}; жен. '''кнегиња''') је назив за племићку титулу која потиче од [[латински језик|латинског]] израза ''-{princeps}-'', а по рангу се налази непосредно испод [[краљ]]а. Кнез може бити изнад ранга [[војвода|војводе]], али и у неким државама његов [[синоним]]. Кнежеви управљају територијом која се назива '''[[кнежевина]]''', а која може бити и суверена држава. Израз '''кнез''' је у [[славенски језици|славенске језике]] ушао као позајмица од [[Старогермански језик|старогерманске]] речи ''-{kuning}-'' која је означавала [[краљ]]а.<ref>de Madariaga, I. (1997) "Tsar into emperor: the title of Peter the Great", in Hatton, R.M. et al. ''Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe'', Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. {{page|year=|isbn=9780521026512|pages=354}}</ref> У многим језицима реч [[принц]] и '''кнез''' су [[синоним]]и.
The female form transliterated from [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] is '''{{lang|ru-Latn|knyaginya}}''' ({{lang|ru|княгиня}}), '''{{lang|sh-Latn|kneginja}}''' in [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]] ([[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic]]: {{lang|sr-Cyrl|кнегиња}}), '''''kniahinia''''' (княгіня) in [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and '''''kniazioŭna''''' (князёўна) is the daughter of the prince, '''{{lang|uk-Latn|kniahynia}}''' (княгиня) in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is {{lang|ru-Latn|knyazhna}} ({{lang|ru|княжна}}). In Russian, the son of a knyaz is {{lang|ru-Latn|knyazhich}} ({{lang|ru|княжич}} in its old form).<ref>Даль В. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка в 4-х т. М., 1956. Т. 2, с. 126; Рабинович М. Г. Очерки этнографии феодального города. М., 1978, с. 228.</ref>
The title is pronounced and written similarly in different [[European languages]]. In Serbo-Croatian and some [[West Slavic languages]], the word has later come to denote "lord", and in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] also came to mean "priest" ({{lang|cs|kněz}}, {{lang|pl|ksiądz}}, {{lang|sk|kňaz}}) as well as "prince/duke" ({{lang|sh-Latn|knez}}, {{lang|cs|kníže}}, {{lang|pl|książę}}, {{lang|sk|knieža}}).<ref name="Vasmer">[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=князь&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word "князь". "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online]</ref> In [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] it means simply "Mister" (from "Master". Compare French {{lang|fr|monsieur}} from {{lang|fr|mon sieur}} "my lord"), and the Catholic title "[[monsignor]]" for a priest. Today the term {{lang|sh-Latn|knez}} is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in [[Slovenian literature|Slovenian]], [[Bosnian literature|Bosnian]], [[Croatian literature|Croatian]] and [[Serbian literature]]. {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Knez (surname)|Knez]]}} is also found as a surname in [[former Yugoslavia]].<ref>Фроянов И. Я. Киевская Русь. Л., 1980. С. 17</ref>
== Етимологија ==
[[Датотека:Bascanska ploca.jpg|thumb|right|250п|The title ''knez'' appeared in the early 12th-century [[Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]] [[Baška tablet]] inscription, found on the island of [[Krk]], Croatia.]]
The word is ultimately a [[cognate]] of the [[English language|English]] ''king'', the [[German language|German]] ''König'', and the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''konung''. The [[proto-Slavic]] form was [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Slavic/kъnędzь|кънѧѕь]], ''kŭnędzĭ'';<ref>Skok, Petar. ''Etimologijski Rječnik Hrvatskoga ili Srpskoga Jezika''. 1972.</ref> {{lang-cu|кънѧѕь}},<ref>Ed. Kurz, Josef. ''Slovnik Jazyka Staroslověnskeho: Lexicon Linguae Palaeoslavonicae.'' 1958.</ref> ''kŭnędzĭ''; {{lang-bg|княз}}, ''knyaz''; {{lang-orv|князь}}, ''knyazĭ''; {{lang-pl|książę}}; {{lang-sh-Latn|knez}} / {{lang-sh-Cyrl|кнез}}; {{lang-cz|kníže}}; {{lang-sk|knieža}}; etc. It is generally considered to be [[Chernyakhov culture|an early borrowing]] from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kuningaz|kuningaz]]'', a form also borrowed by [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kuningas|kuningas]]'').<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref>"knez". ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1989, online [http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50127386?query_type=word&queryword=prince&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1] (subscription required)</ref>
== Средњи век ==
The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term was used to denote the [[tribal chief|chieftain]] of a [[Slavic tribe]]. Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ({{lang-ru|княжество}} (''knyazhestvo''), {{lang-uk|князівство|translit=kniazivstvo}}) traditionally translated as [[duchy]] or [[principality]]), for example, of [[Kievan Rus']]. In medieval Latin sources the title was rendered as either ''[[King|rex]]'' or ''[[dux]]''.
In [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity, but his son [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon]] took the higher title of [[tsar]] soon in 913. According to [[Florin Curta]], the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the bulgars - such as including ‘rex’, ‘basileus’ and ‘khagan’. However, secondary sources are almost always 'khan'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097111080 |title=The medieval networks in East Central Europe : commerce, contacts, communication |date=2019 |others=Balázs Nagy, Felicitas Schmieder, András Vadas |isbn=978-1-351-37116-2 |page=21|location=London |oclc=1097111080}}</ref> In Kievan Rus', as the degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title ''[[Velikii Knyaz]]'' (Великий Князь) (translated as [[Grand Prince]] or [[Grand Duke]], see [[Grand duke#Russian grand dukes|Russian Grand Dukes]]). He ruled a {{lang-ru|Великое Княжеcтво|translit=Velikoye Knyazhestvo}} or {{lang-uk|Велике Князiвcтво|translit=Velyke Knyazivstvo}} ([[Grand Duchy]]), while a ruler of its vassal constituent (''udel'', ''udelnoe knyazivstvo'' or ''[[volost]]'') was called ''udelny knyaz'' or simply ''knyaz''.
When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Kniaz continued to be used in [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] states, including [[Kiev]], [[Chernihiv]], [[Novgorod]], [[Pereiaslav]], [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]], [[Tver]], [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Kingdom of Ruthenia]], and in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref>[http://www.speakrus.ru/starina/03.htm#ВЕЛИКИЙ%20КНЯЗЬ Великий князь // Слова давно минувших дней. Энциклопедия русской старины (speakrus.ru) ]</ref>
== Русија ==
[[Датотека:Kneaze Alexey Michailovitz.jpg|thumb|250п|Kneaze Alexey Michailovitz, 1664 ([[Tsar]] [[Alexis I of Russia]])]]
As the [[Tsardom of Russia]] gained dominion over much of former [[Kievan Rus']], ''[[velikii kniaz]]'' (великий князь) ([[Grand prince|Great Kniaz]]) [[Ivan IV of Russia]] in 1547 was crowned as [[Tsar]]. From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See [[Tsar#Titles for Tsar's family|titles for Tsar's family]] for details.
''Kniaz'' ({{lang-ru|князь}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈknʲæsʲ|IPA}}) continued as a hereditary title of [[Russian nobility]] patrilineally descended from [[Rurik]] (e.g., [[Belozersky (surname)|Belozersky]], [[Belosselsky-Belozersky family|Belosselsky-Belozersky]], [[Repnin]], [[Gorchakov]]) or [[Gediminas]] (e.g., [[Galitzine]], [[Troubetzkoy]]). Members of [[Rurikid]] or [[Gedyminid]] families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles.
From the 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] to his associate [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]], and then by [[Catherine the Great]] to her lover [[Grigory Potemkin]]. After 1801, with the incorporation of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] into the [[Russian Empire]], various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in [[Russian language|Russian]] as "kniazes". Similarly, many petty Tatar nobles asserted their right to style themselves "kniazes" because they descended from [[Genghis Khan]].
Finally, within the [[Russian Empire]] of 1809–1917, [[Finland]] was officially called ''[[Grand Duchy|Grand Principality]] of [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]]'' ({{lang-fi|Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta}}, {{lang-sv|Storfurstendömet Finland}}, {{lang-ru|Великое Княжество Финляндское|Velikoye Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Translation issues
|-
! Russian
!colspan="2"| English analogs, approximately
!English analogs after the 18th century
|-
| kniaz (князь, [{{IPA|ˈknjæsʲ}}])
|king
|duke
| prince
|-
| kniaginia (княгиня, [{{IPA|knʲɪˈгinʲə}}])
| queen
| duchess
| princess
|-
| kniazhich (княжич, [{{IPA|ˈknjaʐɨt͡ɕ}}])
|prince (son of a king)
|son of a duke
| prince (son of a prince)
|-
| kniazhna (княжна, [{{IPA|knʲɪˈʐna}}])
| princess (daughter of a king)
|daughter of a duke
|princess (daughter of a prince)
|}
== Јужнословенске земље ==
=== Bulgaria ===
*Prior to Battenberg, the title ''knyaz'' was born by [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]] during the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] (9th–10th century). At the height of his power, Simeon adopted the title of ''[[tsar]]'' ("emperor"), as did the Bulgarian rulers after the country became officially independent in 1908.
*As of Bulgaria's independence in 1908, Knyaz [[Ferdinand of Bulgaria|Ferdinand]] became Tsar Ferdinand, and the words ''knyaz'' and ''knyaginya'' began to be used instead for the tsar's children – the heir to the throne, for example, held the title ''Knyaz Tarnovski'' ([[Prince of Turnovo]]").
===Bosnia===
In [[Bosnia (early medieval)|early medieval Bosnia]] ''knez'' (''knjaz, књаз'') was a title used, along [[župan]] and [[duke]] titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was [[Stephen, Duke of Bosnia]].
Later it was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia ''vlastelin'') of the era, sometime along with an office title given to person through service to the monarch, such as [[Grand Duke of Bosnia]], which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the ''[[count]]'', the ''[[duke]]'' and the ''[[prince]]''.The title is equivalent to that of [[prince]]. Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with the title ''knez'' was [[Pavle Radinović]] of [[Pavlović noble family|Radinović-Pavlović]] noble family, while other include several noblemen from [[Radojević-Mirković noble family|Radojević-Mirković family]], such as [[Batić Mirković]]. Further families that bear this title are for example [[Šantić]] and [[Hrvatinić]].
===Croatia===
*''knez'' was the monarchial title used by the medieval rulers of the [[Duchy of Pannonian Croatia]] and the [[Duchy of Croatia|Duchy of Littoral Croatia]] from the 7th to the 10th century, who were mostly titled as ''[[dux]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2463|title=Borna|publisher=Croatian Biographical Lexicon by Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (online edition)|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=11905|title=Trpimir I|publisher=Croatian Biographical Lexicon by Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (online edition)|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> and rarely as ''[[princeps]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=5070|title=Domagoj|publisher=Croatian Biographical Lexicon by Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (online edition)|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2707|title=Branimir|publisher=Croatian Biographical Lexicon by Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (online edition)|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> in Latin sources and translated as ''Dukes'' in English ones.
*''knez''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32058|title=knez|publisher=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] by Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (online edition)|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> was, in the [[Late Middle Ages]], a hereditary [[Feudalism|feudal]] title borne by Croatian [[vassal]] noble families who were great territorial magnates of high social class (such as ''knezovi Bribirski'' ([[Šubić|Counts of Bribir]]), ''knezovi Krčki'' ([[Frankopan|Counts of Krk]]) and ''knezovi Zrinski'' ([[Zrinski family|Counts of Zrin]])) and went by the title of ''[[comes]]'' in Latin and ''Count'' in English.
===Montenegro===
*''knjaz'' (књаз) was the ruler title used by the [[Petrović-Njegoš dynasty]] in [[Principality of Montenegro]] from 1852 until the establishment of [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] in 1905, translated as "Prince".
===Serbia===
*''knez'' (кнез) or ''knjaz'' (књаз) is a common term used in Serbian historiography for Serbian rulers in the Early Middle Ages, who were titled ''[[archon]]'' in Greek.
*''knez'' (кнез) or ''knjaz'' (књаз) was a noble title used by medieval rulers of the [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|Principality of Serbia]], [[Duklja]], and [[Moravian Serbia]].
*''knez'' (кнез) was a title borne by local Serbian chiefs under the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was another name for the Ottoman Turkish rank of [[kodjabashi]], held by local Christian chiefs.<ref>{{cite book | title=[[The Balkans Since 1453]] | first = Leften Stavros | last = Stavrianos | author-link = L. S. Stavrianos | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers | year = 2000 | orig-year = 1958 | isbn = 1850655510 | page=224}}</ref>
*''[[obor-knez]]'' (обор-кнез) was a title borne by elected local native Serbian chiefs of the ''[[nahiyah]]'' (district of a group of villages) in the Ottoman [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] (also known as the Belgrade Pashaluk). The obor-knez was senior chief and responsible for his district's people and was their spokesman (intermediary) in direct relations with the Pasha, though usually through the ''[[sipahi]]'', and was in charge of the transfer of taxes levied on the villages.
*''knez'' (кнез) or ''knjaz'' (књаз) was the monarchial title used by [[Miloš Obrenović I, Prince of Serbia|Miloš Obrenović]] in [[Principality of Serbia]], translated as "Prince". Serbia known as ''Kneževina Srbija'' (Кнежевина Србија) was ''de facto'' independent since 1817, becoming ''de jure'' independent with the 1869 constitution. The successors of Miloš used the title until 1882 when Serbia was elevated into a [[Kingdom of Serbia|kingdom]].
== Види још ==
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