Meno Simons — разлика између измена
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Simons je odrastao u razočaranoj ratom razorenoj zemlji. Frisland je bio opustošen ratom u kasnom 15. i početkom 16. veka. Vojnici [[Landsknehti|Landsknehta]] harali su frizijskom zemljom 1490-ih kako bi prisilili „slobodne” Frižane da prihvate vojvodu [[Saxony|Saksonije-Mejsena]] za svog poglavara države. Vojvoda je bio guverner Holandije u ime [[Хабзбурзи|Habsburške]] porodice. Jedan od dušmana Habsburga, vojvoda od [[Guelders|Geldersa]], napao je Frisland 1515. godine i pokorio polovinu teritorije. Saksonija je drugu polovinu ustupila Habsburgzima. Frizijci su pokušali da povrate svoju slobodu, ali bili su previše slabi i na kraju su prihvatili carsku vlast habsburškog cara [[Карло V, цар Светог римског царства|Karla -{V}-]].
Simons je naučio [[Latinski jezik|latinski]] i neki grčki jezik, i o latinskim [[Црквени оци|crkvenim očevima]] je učio tokom svoje obuke za [[Свештеник|svešteništvo]].<ref name="gameo"/> On nikada nije pročitao Bibliju, bilo pre ili tokom obuke za svešteništvo, iz bojazni da će ona negativno uticati na njega. Kada se kasnije osvrtao na taj period u svom životu, sebe je nazvao glupim.<ref>
=== Rimokatolička crkva ===
Ред 90:
Oko 1526. ili 1527. godine, pitanja vezana za doktrinu [[transubstantiation|transupstancijacije]] naterala su Meno Simonsa da započne ozbiljnu i dubinsku pretragu [[Bible|Svetog pisma]], za koje je priznao da nije ranije proučavao, mada je bio sveštenik. U to vreme stigao je do onoga što su neki nazvali „evangelistička [[Хуманизам|humanistička]]” pozicija.
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After the death of his brother Pieter, Menno experienced a spiritual and mental crisis. He said he "prayed to God with sighs and tears that He would give to me, a sorrowing sinner, the gift of His grace, create within me a clean heart, and graciously through the merits of the crimson blood of Christ, He would graciously forgive my unclean walk and unprofitable life..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-menno.org/ren.htm|title=Menno Simon's Renunciation of the Church of Rome|access-date=13 April 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519155149/http://e-menno.org/ren.htm|archive-date=19 May 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Anabaptists===
Menno Simons rejected the Catholic Church and the priesthood on 12 January 1536,<ref name='CathEncy'/> casting his lot with the [[Anabaptists]]. The exact date of his new [[baptism]] is unknown, but he was probably baptized not long after leaving Witmarsum in early 1536. By October 1536 his connection with Anabaptism was well known, because it was in that month that [https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Menno_Monument_(Witmarsum,_Friesland,_Netherlands) Herman] and [https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Gerryt_Jansz_(d._1536) Gerryt Jansz] were arrested, charged and beheaded for having [https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Menno_Monument_(Witmarsum,_Friesland,_Netherlands) lodged Simons]. He was ordained around 1537 by [[Obbe Philips]]. Obbe and his brother, [[Dirk Philips]], were among the peaceful disciples of [[Melchior Hoffman]] (the more radical of Hoffman's followers having participated in the [[Münster Rebellion]]). It was Hoffman who introduced the first self-sustaining Anabaptist congregation in the Netherlands, when he taught and practiced believers' baptism in [[Emden]] in [[East Frisia]]. Menno Simons rejected the violence advocated by the Münster movement, believing it was not Scriptural.<ref name='Gonzalez'>{{cite book|author=Gonzalez, J.|title=A History of Christian Thought|publisher=[[Abingdon Press]]|year=1975|pages=96}}</ref> His theology was focused on separation from this world, and baptism by repentance symbolized this.<ref name='Gonzalez'/>
Twenty-five years after his renunciation of Catholicism, Menno died on 31 January 1561 at Wüstenfelde, [[Holstein]], and was buried in his garden.<ref name="gameo"/> He was married to a woman named Gertrude, and they had at least three children, two daughters and a son.<ref>[http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/G430.html Geertruydt (16th century)]. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 26 October 2012.</ref>
== Teologija ==
[[File:Meno simonis.jpg|thumb|Menno Simons (1854)]]
Menno Simons' influence on Anabaptism in the [[Low Countries]] was so great that Baptist historian [[William Roscoe Estep|William Estep]] suggested that their history be divided into three periods: "before Menno, under Menno, and after Menno". Menno is especially significant because of his coming to the Anabaptist movement in the north in its most troublesome days, and helping not only to sustain it, but also to establish it as a viable [[Radical Reformation]] movement.
===Excommunication===
Girolimon (1995) compares the teachings of Menno Simons with those of Protestant reformer [[John Calvin]] (1509–64), focusing on the issue of excommunication. This theological analysis stresses sharp contrasts between the two leaders on four basic principles: on procedures leading to excommunication, on the severity of sanctions on the excommunicant, on the restoration of a repentant individual, and on civil punishment. Calvin and Menno, each a leader of distinct wings of the Reformation, both believed this extreme form of discipline to be essential to the function of the church in society, agreeing on the basic grounds for excommunication as expressed in the New Testament. Menno, however, envisioned the application of reprimand as a process administered by the entire church body against any sin; Calvin reserved excommunication for especially severe transgressions as identified by the [[Company of Pastors]] and the [[Genevan Consistory|Consistory]]. Among other disagreements, Calvin approved civil punishment for certain forms of unorthodoxy while Menno advocated strict church/state separation. They differed most profoundly in their views on why church discipline was necessary. Simons saw human perfectability as attainable after conversion, while Calvin stressed an Augustinian theology of human depravity.<ref>Michael Thomas Girolimon, "John Calvin and Menno Simons on Religious Discipline: A Difference in Degree and Kind," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 1995 27(1): 5–29</ref><ref>Charles Wiley, "'Hand this Man over to Satan': A Comparison of John Calvin and Menno Simons on Excommunication," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 1993 25(3): 16–32</ref>
== Radovi ==
Линија 104 ⟶ 120:
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600)'', by Cornelius Krahn
* ''The Anabaptist Story: An Introduction to Sixteenth-Century Anabaptism'', by William Roscoe Estep {{ISBN|0-8028-0886-7}}
* ''The Complete Writings of Menno Simons...'', translated by Leonard Verduin and edited by John C. Wenger, with a biography by Harold S. Bender {{ISBN|0-8361-1353-5}}
* {{cite web|url=http://e-menno.org/ren.htm|title=Menno Simon's Renunciation of the Church of Rome|accessdate=13. 4. 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519155149/http://e-menno.org/ren.htm|archivedate=19. 5. 2007|df=dmy-all}}
* Carroll, J. M. (1931). ''The Trail of Blood: Following the Christians Down Through the Ages, or, the History of Baptist Churches from the Time of Christ, Their Founder, to the Present Day''. Lexington, KY: Ashland Avenue Baptist Church. 56 p. + fold. chart. Without ISBN
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* {{cite book|last=Packull|first= Werner O. |title=Mysticism and the Early South German-Austrian Anabaptist Movement, 1525–1531 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rIrZAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Herald Press|isbn= 978-0-8361-1130-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Packull |first= Werner O |title=Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments During the Reformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHW6nS0-DQQC |year=1995 |place= Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn= 0-8018-6256-6}}.
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