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== Pregled ==
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Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific xenobiotic/chemical after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the metabolic changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic [[enzyme]]s such as [[cytochrome P450]] or [[glucuronosyltransferase]] enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the [[metabolites]] of the drug.<ref>Pharmacokinetics. (2006). In ''[[Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions]]''. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6686418</ref> Pharmacokinetic properties of chemicals are affected by the route of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Kathleen | last1 = Knights | first2 = Bronwen | last2 = Bryant | title = Pharmacology for Health Professionals | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-7295-3664-5 }}</ref> ▼
▲PharmacokineticsFarmakokinetika describesopisuje howkako thetelo bodyutiče affectsna aodređeni specific xenobiotic[[ksenobiotik]]/ chemicalhemikaliju afternakon administrationprimene throughkroz the mechanisms ofmehanizme absorptionapsorpcije andi distributiondistribucije, askao welli asna themetaboličke metabolicpromene changessupstance ofu the substance in the bodytelu ( e.gnpr. by metabolicmetaboličkim [[ enzymeenzim]] sima kao suchšto assu [[cytochrome P450|citohrom P450]] orili enzimi [[glucuronosyltransferase |glukuronoziltransferaze]] enzymes), andi theefekte effectsi andputevi routes of excretion of theizlučivanja [[metabolites |metabolita]] of the drugleka.<ref>Pharmacokinetics. (2006). In ''[[Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions]]''. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6686418</ref> PharmacokineticNa propertiesfarmakokinetička ofsvojstva chemicalshemikalija areutiču affectednačin byprimene thei route of administration and the dose ofdoza administeredprimenjenog drugleka. TheseOvo maymože affectuticati thena absorptionstopu rateapsorpcije.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Kathleen | last1 = Knights | first2 = Bronwen | last2 = Bryant | title = Pharmacology for Health Professionals | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-7295-3664-5 }}</ref>
Models have been developed to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a chemical substance. One of these, the [[pharmacokinetics#Multi-compartmental models|multi-compartmental model]], is the most commonly used approximations to reality; however, the complexity involved in adding parameters with that modelling approach means that ''monocompartmental models'' and above all ''two compartmental models'' are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the [[ADME]] scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption):
* [[Liberation (pharmacology)|'''<u>L</u>'''iberation]] – the process of release of a drug from the [[pharmaceutical formulation]].<ref name="KochRitschel1986">{{cite book | title = Synopsis der Biopharmazie und Pharmakokinetik | vauthors = Koch HP, Ritschel WA | year = 1986 | publisher = Ecomed | location = Landsberg, München | language = de | isbn = 3-609-64970-4 | chapter = Liberation | pages = 99–131 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17630642">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruiz-Garcia A, Bermejo M, Moss A, Casabo VG | title = Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 654–90 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17630642 | doi = 10.1002/jps.21009 }}</ref> See also [[IVIVC]]. ▼Modeli su razvijeni da pojednostave konceptualizaciju mnogih procesa koji se odvijaju u interakciji između organizma i hemijske supstance. Jedan od njih, [[pharmacokinetics#Multi-compartmental models|multipregradni model]], je najčešće korišćena aproksimacija stvarnosti; međutim, složenost koja je uključena u dodavanje parametara sa tim pristupom modelovanju znači da se najčešće koriste ''monokompartmentalni modeli'' i iznad svega ''dvopartmentalni modeli''. Različiti odeljci na koje je model podeljen obično se nazivaju ''ADME'' šema (takođe se nazivaju i LADME ako je oslobađanje uključeno kao poseban korak od apsorpcije):
* [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|'''<u>A</u>'''bsorption]] – the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. ▼
* [[Distribution (pharmacology)|'''<u>D</u>'''istribution]] – the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
▲* [[Liberation (pharmacology)|'''<u>L</u>''' iberationiberacija]] – theproces processoslobađanja ofleka release of a drug from theiz [[pharmaceutical formulation |farmaceutske formulacije]].<ref name="KochRitschel1986">{{cite book | title = Synopsis der Biopharmazie und Pharmakokinetik | vauthors = Koch HP, Ritschel WA | year = 1986 | publisher = Ecomed | location = Landsberg, München | language = de | isbn = 3-609-64970-4 | chapter = Liberation | pages = 99–131 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17630642">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruiz-Garcia A, Bermejo M, Moss A, Casabo VG | title = Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 654–90 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17630642 | doi = 10.1002/jps.21009 }}</ref> SeeTakođe alsopogledajte [[IVIVC]].
* [[Metabolism|'''<u>M</u>'''etabolism]] (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites.
▲* [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|'''<u>A</u>''' bsorptionpsorpcija]] –- theproces processulaska ofsupstance au substance entering the blood circulationkrvotok.
* [[Elimination (pharmacology)|'''<u>E</u>'''xcretion]] – the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some [[drugs]] irreversibly accumulate in [[body tissue]]. ▼* [[Distribution (pharmacology)|'''<u>D</u>'''istribucija]] – disperzija ili diseminacija supstanci kroz tečnosti i tkiva tela.
* [[Metabolism|'''<u>M</u>'''etabolizam]] (ili biotransformacija, ili inaktivacija) – prepoznavanje od strane organizma da je prisutna strana supstanca i nepovratna transformacija matičnih jedinjenja u metabolite.
▲* [[Elimination (pharmacology)|'''<u>E</u>''' xcretionkskrecija]] – theuklanjanje removalsupstanci ofiz the substances from the bodytela. InU rareretkim casesslučajevima, someneki [[drugs |lekovi]] irreversiblyse accumulatenepovratno inakumuliraju u [[body tissue |tkivu tela]].
== Metrike ==
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