Берингов мореуз — разлика између измена
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[[Датотека:Bering Strait.jpeg|мини|200п|десно|Сателитски снимак Беринговог мореуза]]▼
| име = Берингово море
| изворни_назив =
| слика = BeringStrait.png
| опис_слике = The Bering Strait
| image_bathymetry = US NOAA nautical chart of Bering Strait.png
| caption_bathymetry = Наутичка карта Беринговог мореуза
| државе = [[Русија]] и [[Сједињене Државе]]
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| ширина = {{convert|83|km|abbr=on}}
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| просечна_дубина = {{convert|-50|m|abbr=on}}
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| map = Alaska
| lat = 66.5
| long = -169
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'''Берингов мореуз''' је пролаз између [[рт Дежњев|рта Дежњев]] на [[Чукотско полуострво|Чукотском полуострву]] у [[Азија|Азији]] и [[рт Принц од Велса|рта Принц од Велса]] на [[Аљаска (полуоство)|полуострву Аљаска]] у [[Северна Америка|Северној Америци]]. Спаја [[Чукотско море]], део [[Северни ледени океан|Северног леденог океана]], са [[Берингово море|Беринговим морем]], делом [[Тихи океан|Тихог океана]].
Широк је 35—86 км, а дубок 30—50 м. Од октобра до августа покривен је пловним ледом. Средином пролази државна граница [[Русија|Русије]] и [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|САД]], као и датумска граница. У пролазу се налазе и [[Диомедова острва]]. Први га је открио и њиме прошао са севера [[Семјон Дежњов|Семјон Иванович Дежњев]] [[1648]], а 80 година касније са јужне стране [[Витус Беринг]] [[1728]]. по коме је и добио име. На основу Берингових истраживања [[1728]]. и [[1741]]. Русија је засновала своје право на Аљаску. Важност му је порасла [[1935]]. отварањем [[Северни морски пут|Северног морског пута]].
The Bering Strait has been the subject of the scientific theory [[Bering strait theory|that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge]] known as [[Beringia]] when lower ocean levels – perhaps a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water – exposed a wide stretch of the sea floor,<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. |author2=Linda Black |author3=Larry S. Krieger |author4=Phillip C. Naylor |author5=Dahia Ibo Shabaka | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | url =https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck| url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-395-87274-1 }}</ref> both at the present strait and in the shallow sea north and south of it. This view of how [[Paleo-Indians]] entered America has been the dominant one for several decades and continues to be the most accepted one. Numerous successful crossings without the use of a boat have also been recorded since at least the early 20th century.
== Географија и наука ==
The Bering Strait is about {{convert|82|km|mi|sp=us}} wide at its narrowest point, between [[Cape Dezhnev]], [[Chukchi Peninsula]], [[Russia]], the easternmost point (169° 39' W) of the [[Asia]]n continent and [[Cape Prince of Wales]], [[Alaska]], United States, the westernmost point (168° 05' W) of the [[North American continent]]. It is {{convert|53|mi|km}} wide, and at its deepest point is only {{convert|90|m|abbr=on}} in depth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gr8st8.com/main_pages/bering_tunnel.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-10-27 |archive-date=2003-10-01 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20031001182427/http://www.gr8st8.com/main_pages/bering_tunnel.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> It borders the [[Chukchi Sea]] (part of the [[Arctic Ocean]]) to the north and the [[Bering Sea]] to the south.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodgate|first=Rebecca|author-link=Rebecca Woodgate|title=CIRCULATION AND OUTFLOWS OF THE CHUKCHI SEA|url=http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD/Chukchi/Chukchi.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-27|website=psc.apl.washington.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010225013245/http://psc.apl.washington.edu:80/HLD/Chukchi/Chukchi.html |archive-date=2001-02-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr. Alexander|first=Vera|title=Why is the Bering Sea Important?|url=https://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/essays_alexander.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205211329/http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov:80/essays_alexander.html |archive-date=2003-12-05 }}</ref> The strait is a unique [[habitat]] sparsely populated by the [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]], [[Inuit]], and [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] people who have cultural and linguistic ties to each other.<ref>Betsy Baker. Polar Institute. (November 2021). Beyond the Northern Sea Route:Enhancing Russian-United States Cooperation in the Bering Strait Region. Series:Polar Perspectives No. 8. [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/polar-perspectives-no-8-beyond-northern-sea-route-enhancing-russian-united-states Wilson Center website] Retrieved 10 January 2022.</ref>
== Експедиције ==
[[Датотека:Operational Navigation Chart C-8, 2nd edition.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Defense Mapping Agency]] topographical map of the Bering Strait, 1973]]
From at least 1562, European geographers thought that there was a [[Strait of Anián]] between Asia and North America. In 1648, [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] probably passed through the strait, but his report did not reach Europe. Danish-born Russian navigator [[Vitus Bering]] entered it in 1728. In 1732, [[Mikhail Gvozdev]] crossed it for the first time, from Asia to America. It was visited in 1778 by the [[third voyage of James Cook]].
American vessels were hunting for [[bowhead whales]] in the strait by 1847.<ref>Willian John Dakin (1938), ''Whalemen Adventures'', Sydney, Angus & Robertson, p.127.</ref>
In March 1913, Captain Max Gottschalk (German) crossed from the east cape of Siberia to [[Shishmaref, Alaska]], on dogsled via Little and Big Diomede islands. He was the first documented modern voyager to cross from Russia to North America without the use of a boat.<ref name="Captain Max Gottschalk">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=52AdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YVsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6756,1171017|title=The Victoria Advocate – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref>
In 1987, swimmer [[Lynne Cox]] swam a {{convert|4.3|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} course between the Diomede Islands from Alaska to the Soviet Union in {{convert|3.3|°C}} water during the last years of the [[Cold War]].<ref name="Watts" /><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/12/60II/main540357.shtml "Swimming to Antarctica"], CBS News, September 17, 2003</ref> She was congratulated jointly by [[American President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Soviet leader]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref name="Watts">{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Simon |date=2012-08-08 |title=Swim that broke Cold War ice curtain |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19149829 |access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref>
In June and July 1989, three independent teams attempted the first modern sea-kayak crossing of the Bering Strait. The groups were: seven Alaskans, who called their effort ''Paddling Into Tomorrow'' (i.e. crossing the international dateline); a four-man British expedition, ''Kayaks Across the Bering Strait''; and a team of Californians in a three-person [[Aleutian kayak|baidarka]], led by Jim Noyes (who launched his ambitious expedition as a paraplegic). Accompanying the Californians was a film crew in a umiak, a walrus-skin boat traditional to the region; they were filming the 1991 documentary ''Curtain of Ice'', directed by John Armstrong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/30/Soviet-kayakers-cross-Bering-Strait/1297615182400/|title=Soviet kayakers cross Bering Strait|website=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt11146638/|title=Curtain of Ice|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
In March 2006, Briton [[Karl Bushby]] and French-American adventurer [[Dimitri Kieffer]] crossed the strait on foot, walking across a frozen {{convert|90|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} section in 15 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/4872348.stm|title=Epic explorer crosses frozen sea|work=BBC News|date=3 April 2006|access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> They were soon arrested for not entering Russia through a regular port of entry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/humber/4876076.stm|title=Epic explorer detained in Russia|work=BBC News|date=4 April 2006|access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>
August 2008 marked the first crossing of the Bering Strait using an amphibious road-going vehicle. The specially modified [[Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender 110]] was driven by Steve Burgess and Dan Evans across the straits on its second attempt following the interruption of the first by bad weather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetocape.org.uk/|title=Cape to Cape Expedition|access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>
In February 2012, a Korean team led by [[Hong Sung-Taek]] crossed the straits on foot in six days. They started from Chukotka Peninsula, the east coast of Russia on February 23 and arrived in Wales, the western coastal town in Alaska on February 29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120301000341|title=Korean team crosses Bering Strait|author=The Korea Herald|work=koreaherald.com|date=March 2012}}</ref>
In July 2012, six adventurers associated with "Dangerous Waters", a reality adventure show under production, made the crossing on [[Personal water craft|Sea-Doos]] but were arrested and permitted to return to Alaska on their Sea-Doos after being briefly detained in [[Lavrentiya]], the administrative center of the [[Chukotsky District]]. They were treated well and given a tour of the village's museum, but not permitted to continue south along the Pacific coast. The men had visas but the western coast of the Bering Strait is a [[Border Security Zone of Russia|closed military zone]].<ref name=NYT71212>{{cite news|title=Journey by Sea Takes Awkward Turn in Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/world/europe/team-returns-to-alaska-after-4-day-detention-in-russia.html?_r=0|access-date=July 12, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 11, 2012|author=Andrew Roth}}</ref>
Between August 4 and 10 (US time), 2013, a team of 65 swimmers from 17 countries performed a relay swim across the Bering Strait, the first such swim in history. They swam from Cape Dezhnev, Russia, to [[Cape Prince of Wales]], United States (roughly {{convert|110|km||||sp=us}}, due to the current).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/c20/836692.html|title=ТАСС: Спорт – На Аляске завершилась международная эстафета "моржей", переплывших Берингов пролив|work=ТАСС}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BeringStraitSwim|title=Bering Strait Swim – Russia to America|work=Facebook}}</ref> They had direct support from the Russian Navy, using one of its ships, and assistance with permission.
== Proposed crossing ==
{{Main|Bering Strait crossing|}}
A physical link between Asia and North America via the Bering Strait nearly became a reality in 1864 when a [[Russian-American telegraph]] company began preparations for an overland telegraph line connecting Europe and America via the east. It was abandoned when the undersea [[Atlantic Cable]] proved successful.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vevier|first=Charles|date=1959|title=The Collins Overland Line and American Continentalism|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=3|issue=3|pages=237–253|doi=10.2307/3636469 |jstor=3636469}}</ref>
A further proposal for a bridge-and-tunnel link from eastern Russia to Alaska was made by French engineer [[Baron Loicq de Lobel]] in 1906. Czar Nicholas II of Russia issued an order authorising a Franco-American syndicate represented by de Lobel to begin work on the Trans-Siberian Alaska railroad project, but no physical work ever commenced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19060902.2.146.2 |title=San Francisco to St Petersburg by Rail! If the Tunnel is driven under Bering Strait will Orient meet Occident with Smile – or with Sword? |access-date=April 23, 2016 |date=September 2, 1906 |publisher=San Francisco Call}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cihm_15518#page/n5/mode/2u |title=Thinking Big: Roads and Railroads to Siberia. |publisher=InterBering LLC |access-date=April 23, 2016 |year=1899 |isbn=9780665155185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cihm_15518#page/n5/mode/2u |title=Le Klondyke, l'Alaska, le Yukon et les Iles Aléoutienne |access-date=April 23, 2016 |author1=Loicq de Lobel |date=August 2, 1906 |publisher=Société Française d'Editions d'Art|isbn=9780665155185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/08/02/120281773.pdf |title=FOR BERING STRAIT BRIDGE |access-date=April 23, 2016 |date=August 2, 1906 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West|author1=James A. Oliver|date=2006}}</ref>
Suggestions have been made to construct a [[Bering Strait bridge]] between Alaska and Siberia. Despite the unprecedented engineering, political, and financial challenges, Russia green-lighted a US$65-billion [[TKM-World Link]] tunnel project in August 2011. If completed, the {{convert|103|km|adj=on|||sp=us}} tunnel will be the world's longest.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | last=Halpin | first=Tony | date=2011-08-20 | title=Russia plans $65bn tunnel to America}}</ref> China considered construction of a "China-Russia-Canada-America" railroad line that would include construction of a {{convert|200|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} underwater tunnel that would cross the Bering Strait.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | last=Tharoor | first=Ishaan | date=2014-05-09 | title=China may build an undersea train to America | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/05/09/china-may-build-an-undersea-train-to-america/ | access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref>
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}▼
* {{cite book|last=Demuth|first=Bathsheba|title=[[Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait]]|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2019|isbn=978-0-393-35832-2|pages=}}▼
▲{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|url=http://www.beringstraitcrossing.com
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* {{cite
▲* {{cite book | last=Demuth | first=Bathsheba | title=
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bering Island, Sea and Strait |volume=3 |pages=775–776}}▼
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 |last1=Fagundes |first1=Nelson J.R. |last2=Kanitz |first2=Ricardo |last3=Eckert |first3=Roberta |last4=Valls |first4=Ana C.S. |last5=Bogo |first5=Mauricio R. |last6=Salzano |first6=Francisco M. |last7=Smith |first7=David Glenn |last8=Silva Jr. |first8=Wilson A. |last9=Zago |first9=Marco A. |last10=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos |first10=Andrea K. |last11=Santos |first11=Sidney E.B. |last12=Petzl-Erler |first12=Maria Luiza |last13=Bonatto |first13=Sandro L. |title=Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=583–92 |date=3 March 2008 |pmid=18313026 |pmc=2427228|display-authors=8 }}
* {{cite book|title=Human ecology of Beringia|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgomQY3o9U0C|author=Hoffecker, John F.|author2=Elias, Scott A.|access-date=2016-04-10}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hoffecker | first1 = JF | last2 = Elias | first2 = SA | last3 = O'Rourke | first3 = DH | year = 2014 | title = Anthropology. Out of Beringia? | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 343 | issue = 6174 | pages = 979–80 | doi = 10.1126/science.1250768 | pmid = 24578571|bibcode = 2014Sci...343..979H | s2cid = 19479091 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Hey | first = Jody | author-link =Jody Hey| year = 2005 | title = On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas | journal = [[PLOS Biology]] | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = e193 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193 | pmid = 15898833 | pmc = 1131883 }}
* [[Pielou, E. C.]], ''After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1992 {{ISBN|978-0-226-66812-3}}
* {{cite journal | last = Pringle | first = Heather | author-link =Heather Pringle (writer)| year = 2014 | title = Welcome to Beringia | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 343 | issue = 6174 | pages = 961–63 | doi = 10.1126/science.343.6174.961 | pmid = 24578560| bibcode = 2014Sci...343..961P }}
* [http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=3724963 ''British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present, Vol .2, Chapter XXVII "The Sealing Industry and the Behring Sea Arbitration"''], E.O.S. Scholefield and F.W. Howay, S.J. Clarke Publ. Co, Vancouver, 1914.
* {{Cite PSM |last=Clark |first=George A. |month-and-year=March 1899|volume=54|wstitle=The Scientific Expert and the Bering Sea Controversy}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Bering Sea Arbitration |volume=3 |pages=776-777 |first=Montague Hughes |last=Crackanthorpe}}
* {{cite book|last=Kroll|first=C. Douglas|title=Commodore Ellsworth P. Bertholf: First Commandant of the Coast Guard|year=2002|publisher=Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-474-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Strobridge|first=Truman R. and Dennis L. Noble|title=Alaska and the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service 1867–1915|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-845-4}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Bering Strait}}
▲* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bering Island, Sea and Strait |volume=3 |pages=775–776}}
{{Светско море}}
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