Апенинско полуострво — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Полуострво у јужној Европи}}
{{Coord|42|00|N|14|00|E|region:IT_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}
[[Датотека:Satellite image of Italy in March 2003.jpg|мини|250п|Сателитски снимак Апенинског полуострва]]
'''Апенинско полуострво''' или '''Италијанско полуострво''' је једно од три полуострва у [[Јужна Европа|јужној Европи]]. Протеже се дужини од око 1.000 -{km}- од долине [[По (река)|реке По]] на северу до [[Средоземно море|Средоземног мора]] на југу. Полуострво има карактеристичан облик [[чизме]], формиран од мањих полуострва [[Калабрија|Калабрије]], [[Саленто|Салента]] и [[Гаргано|Гаргана]].
Скоро цело полуострво је у саставу [[Италија|Италије]], иако се на полуострву налазе двије мини-државе - [[Сан Марино]] и [[Ватикан]]. На западној страни полуострва су [[Лигурско море|Лигурско]] и [[Тиренско море]], на јужној је [[Јонско море]], а на источној [[Јадранско море]]. Унутар полуострва се налазе [[Апенини|Апенинске планине]] (Апенини), по којима је полуострво и добило име. На Апенинском полуострву, близу [[Напуљ]]ског залива, налази се [[Везув]], једини активни [[вулкан]] у копненом делу [[Европа|Европе]].
== Карактеристике ==
=== Минимални обим ===
[[Датотека:Italian Peninsula in Europe.svg|thumb|250px|Минимална површина италијанског полуострва је тамно зелена, а [[Italy (geographical region)|максимална]] светло зелена]]
{{rut}}
In general discourse, "Italy" and "Italian peninsula" are often used as synonymous terms. However, the [[Po Valley]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://water.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pdf/po-fs.pdf |title=FACT SHEET: Po River Basin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Po Basin Water Board, Italy|publisher=CABRI-Volga|url=http://www.cabri-volga.org/DOC/D3-CaseStudies/CaseStudyPoBasin.doc|access-date=4 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Po|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID) - Europe|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/freshwater_europe/po.php|access-date=4 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801114726/http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/freshwater_europe/po.php|archive-date=1 August 2009}}</ref> may be excluded from the Italian peninsula. In this sense, the Italian peninsula includes only about 44% of [[Italy]]'s total area. On the other hand, [[Sicily]] and other smaller islands off the peninsula may be geographically grouped along with it.
Geographically, the minimum extent of the Italian Peninsula consists of the land south of a line extending from the [[Magra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parcomagra.it/rete-natura-2000/zsc/|title=Rete Natura 2000|language=Italian, English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natura2000liguria.it/sic84/index.htm|title=SIC e ZPS in Liguria » La Spezia » Parco della Magra - Vara|language=Italian,English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.provincia.sp.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/1%252F1%252Fb%252FD.2f0e4832cf68dd52f316/P/BLOB%3AID%3D4209|title=La Biblioteca dell’Ente Parco di Montemarcello-Magra|language=Italian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730182536/http://www.provincia.sp.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/1%252F1%252Fb%252FD.2f0e4832cf68dd52f316/P/BLOB%3AID%3D4209|archive-date=July 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> to the [[Rubicon]] rivers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=22672&r=105394|title=Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia|website=www.dizionario.rai.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/393484 |title=Places: 393484 (Rubico fl.) |author=Pearce, M., R. Peretto, P. Tozzi, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |date=15 November 2020 |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Pleiades}}</ref> north of the Tuscan–Emilian [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]]. It excludes the [[Po Valley]] and the southern slopes of the [[Alps]].<ref>De Agostini Ed., ''L'Enciclopedia Geografica – Vol. I - Italia'', 2004, p. 78.</ref><ref>Touring Club Italiano, ''Conosci l'Italia – Vol. I: L'Italia fisica'', 1957.</ref> The Italian Peninsula has the only active volcano in mainland Europe, [[Mount Vesuvius]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geology.com/volcanoes/vesuvius/|title=Mount Vesuvius, Italy: Map, Facts, Eruption Pictures, Pompeii}}</ref>
All of these territories lie within the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] except for the microstates of [[San Marino]] and [[Vatican City]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2|Country/<br>Territory
!colspan=4|Peninsular area
!rowspan=2|Description
|-
!Population<ref>Population includes only the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula (excluding [[Northern Italy]] and [[Insular Italy]] (Sicily and Sardinia)).</ref>
!km<sup>2</sup>
!sq mi
!Share
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|align=right|26,140,000<!-- population of PENINSULA only-->
|{{convert|131275|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
|99.9531%
|Effectively the entire peninsula
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|align=right|31,887
|{{convert|61.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
|0.0466%
|A central-eastern [[enclave]] of peninsular Italy
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City}}
|align=right|829
|{{convert|0.44|km2|sqmi|disp=table}}
|0.0003%
|An [[enclave]] of [[Rome, Italy]]
|}
===Climate===
[[File:Europe Köppen Map.png|thumb|250px|European climate. The [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climates]] map is presented by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Center of the Deutscher Wetterdienst. We can see the natural borders of the mountain ranges of the [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], and [[Balkans]].]]
The peninsula lies between the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] on the west, the [[Ionian Sea]] on the south, and the [[Adriatic Sea]] on the east.
The peninsula has mainly a [[Mediterranean climate]], though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler. Its natural vegetation includes [[macchia]] along the coasts and [[deciduous]] and mixed deciduous coniferous forests in the interior.
== Види још ==
* [[Apennine Mountains|Апенинске планине]]
* [[Southern Europe|Јужна Европа]]
* [[History of Italy|Историја Италије]]
== Референце ==
{{Reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Apennines|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|edition=3rd|year=2001|ref=CITEREFMerriam-Webster2001|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated}}
* {{cite book|title=Geographical etymology, a dictionary of place-names giving their derivations |url=https://archive.org/details/geographicalety00blacgoog |first1=Christina |last1=Blackie |first2=John Stuart |last2=Blackie |location=London |publisher=Murray |year=1887 }}
* {{cite book|title=Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia) |url=https://archive.org/details/italypopularacco00deec |first1=W |last1=Deecke|translator-first=H A |translator-last=Nesbitt |location=London; New York |publisher=Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co. |year=1904 }}
* {{cite book|title=Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS)|first=Pietro |last=Lunardi|location=Berlin|publisher=Springer|year=2008}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Annals of Geophysics |volume=49 |issue=4/5 |date= 2006 |title=The subduction structure of the Northern Apennines: results for the RETREAT seismic deployment |first=Lucia |last=Margheriti |url=http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~jjpark/Margheriti_etal_Annali_2006.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619203635/http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~jjpark/Margheriti_etal_Annali_2006.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-19 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins| editor-first=I. Peter |editor-last=Martini |editor2-first=Gian Battista |editor2-last=Vai |location=Dordrecht [u.a.] |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=2001 |contribution=Geomorphologic Setting |first1=I. Peter |last1=Martini |first2=Gian Battista |last2=Vai |pages=1–4}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins| editor-first=I. Peter |editor-last=Martini |editor2-first=Gian Battista |editor2-last=Vai |location=Dordrecht [u.a.] |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=2001 |contribution=Inner Northern Apennines |first1=Massimiliano |last1=Barchi |first2=Alberto |last2=Landuzzi |first3=Giorgio|last3=Minelli|first4=Giampaolo|last4=Pialli |pages=215–254}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Alpine biodiversity in Europe|editor-first=László |editor-last=Nagy|editor2-first=G.|editor2-last=Grabherr|editor3-first=Ch.|editor3-last=Körner|editor4-first=D.B.A.|editor4-last=Thompson|first1=F.|last1=Pedrotti|first2=D.|last2=Gafta|contribution=The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps|location=Berlin, Heidelberg [u.a.]|publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=2003 |series=Ecological studies, 167|pages=73–84 }}.
* {{EB1911|first=Philip |last=Lake |wstitle=Apennines |volume=2 |pages=161–163}}
* {{cite book|first1=Roberto |last1=Gambino |first2=Bernardino |last2=Romano | title=Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy) | publisher=World Commission on Protected Areas |date=2000–2001 | url=http://dau.ing.univaq.it/planeco/staff/romano/pdf_pubblicazioni/DURBAN_2003.pdf }}
* {{citation|first=Kristen|last=James|s2cid=43061617 |title=Determining the source for the magmas of Monte Amiata (Central Italy) using strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopes | series=Carleton Geology Department: Geology Comps Papers|year=2004|pages=3–4 | quote=During the [[Neogene]] and into the [[Quaternary]] the region around [[Amiata]] underwent a general NNE contraction .... This compression also created the Apennine orogeny of east-central Italy .... This area was brought [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] during a doming phase during the Middle [[Pliocene]].}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|first1=Charlton T. |last1=Lewis|first2=Charles |last2=Short | title=Apenninus |year=1879 | location=Oxford; Medford|publisher=Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DApenninus}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6 | last1=van Dijk |first1=J.P. |last2=Bello |first2=M. |last3=Brancaleoni |first3=G.P. |last4=Cantarella |first4=G. | author5=Costa, V.|author6=Frixa, A.|author7=Golfetto, F.|author8=Merlini, S.|author9=Riva, M. | author10=Toricelli, S.|author11=Toscano, C.|author12=Zerilli, A. |year=2000 | title=A new structural model for the northern sector of the Calabrian Arc | journal=Tectonophysics |volume=324 |issue=4 |pages=267–320 |bibcode=2000Tectp.324..267V| s2cid=130289171 }}
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** [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYUAAAAQAAJ full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free]
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Ferrari | first1 = Paolo | year = 2015 | title = The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy | journal = Comillas Journal of International Relations | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 117–126 | doi = 10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 | doi-access = free}}
* Foot, John. ''Italy's Divided Memory'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 262 pages; 2010). Describes regional, political, and other divisions in Italian public memory of history.
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* Pasquino, Gianfranco. "Political History in Italy," ''Journal of Policy History'' (2009) 21#3 pp 282–97, on 20th century historians; covers Italian politics after World War II, and works of Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia. Also discusses rise of the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315859/summary summary]
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{{Refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Italian Peninsula}}
* {{cite web|title=Ligurian Apennine|year=2006|publisher=Summit Post|access-date=16 February 2010|url=http://www.summitpost.org/view_object.php?object_id=254181#chapter_3}}
* {{cite web |title=Italian Cultural Landscapes: wood-pasture and wood-meadow in the Ligurian-Tuscan-Aemilian Apennines, Italy |url=http://ecl.cultland.org/?document_id=18&container59=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917124518/http://ecl.cultland.org/?document_id=18&container59=62 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2007 |publisher=The ECL project |access-date=16 February 2010 }}
* {{WWF ecoregion|name={{sic|Appen|ine|nolink=y}} deciduous montane forests|id=pa0401|access-date=16 February 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=The Great Apennine Tunnel|publisher=Mike's Railway History|url=http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r039.html|first=Michael J.|last=Irlam|year=2009|access-date=16 February 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=10th Mountain Division – The Formative World War II Years
|url=http://biggreen65.tripod.com/carnivail/id170.html|year=2008|publisher=Dartmouth College Class of 1965|access-date=16 February 2010}}
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