Рупија — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м Враћене измене корисника 176.65.112.94 (разговор) на последњу измену корисника Filipović Zoran ознака: враћање |
. |
||
Ред 6:
[[Индијска рупија]] ({{INR}}) и [[пакистанска рупија]] (₨) деле се на сто саиса. Рупије [[Маурицијска рупија|Мауриција]], [[Сејшелска рупија|Сејшели]] и [[Шриланчанска рупија|Шри Ланке]] деле се на 100 центи. [[Непалска рупија]] се дели на сто паиси.
== Etymology ==
{{rut}}
The [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''rupyā'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''rūpya'' ({{lang|sa|रूप्य}}), which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",<ref>{{cite web | publisher=etymonline.com | date=20 September 2008 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none | title=Etymology of rupee | access-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun ''[[rūpa]]'' ({{lang|sa|रूप}}) "shape, likeness, image".
== History ==
[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG|right|thumb|''Rūpyarūpa'' issued by the [[Maurya Empire]], with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.|alt=Silver [[punch-marked coins]]]]
[[File:Gupta Kings. Skandagupta. AD 455-467.jpg|thumb|Silver coin of [[Skandagupta]] of [[Gupta Empire]] known as ''Rūpaka'' (रूपक) in Sanskrit, in the style of the [[Western Satrap]]s, with [[Indian peacock|peacock]] on reverse, 455-467 CE]]
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|right|thumb|''Rupiya'' issued by the [[Sher Shah Suri]], 1540–1545 CE.|alt=Silver coins with raised writing]]
The history of the rupee traces back to [[Ancient India]] circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,<ref name="Subodh Kapoor 1599">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |date=January 2002 |page=1599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1599 |isbn=81-7755-257-0 }}</ref> along with the Lydian [[stater]]s, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the [[Chinese wen]].
The term is from ''rūpya'', a Sanskrit term for [[silver coin]],<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html
|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
|access-date= 26 August 2010
|last= Turner
|first= Sir Ralph Lilley
|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner
|year= 1985
|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.
|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.
|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago
|quote= rū'pya 10805 rū'pya 'beautiful, bearing a stamp' ; 'silver' }}</ref> from Sanskrit ''rūpa'', beautiful form.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html
|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
|access-date= 26 August 2010
|last= Turner
|first= Sir Ralph Lilley
|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner
|year= 1985
|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.
|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.
|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago
|quote= rūpa 10803 'form, beauty' }}</ref>
''[[Arthashastra]]'', written by [[Chanakya]], chief adviser to the first [[Maurya Empire|Maurya emperor]] [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as ''rūpyarūpa'', other types including gold coins (''rūpya-suvarṇa''), copper coins (''tāmrarūpa'') and lead coins (''sīsarūpa'') are mentioned. ''Rūpa'' means form or shape, example, ''rūpyarūpa'', ''rūpya'' – wrought silver, ''rūpa'' – form.<ref name="Lectures">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA129|title=Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics|author=D. R. Bhandarkar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=129|isbn=9788120605497|year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=RA1-PA277 |title=Studies in Indian Coins |author=D.C. Sircar |date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=277|isbn=9788120829732 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Early Indian Economic History |author=Rajaram Narayan Saletore |publisher=N.M Tripathi |page=614}}</ref> This coinage system continued more or less across the Indian subcontinent well till 20th century.
In the intermediate times there was no fixed monetary system as reported by the ''Da Tang Xi Yu Ji''.<ref>Trübner’s Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World, translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan, Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. London • 1906 [First Edition ‐ London • 1884]</ref>
During his reign from 1537 to 1545, Afghan ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]] set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 [[Grain (mass)|grain]]s, which was also termed the ''Rupiya''.<ref>{{cite web | author=etymonline.com | date=20 September 2008 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none | title=Etymology of rupee | access-date=20 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mughal Coinage |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-10-05 |quote=Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century }}</ref> Suri also introduced copper coins called ''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]]'' and [[gold coin]]s called ''[[mohur]]'' that weighed 169 grains (10.95 g).<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Mughal Coinage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |date=16 May 2008 }} at [[RBI Monetary Museum]]. Retrieved 4 May 2008.</ref> The use of the rupee coin continued under the [[Mughal Empire]] with the same standard and weight, though some rulers after [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] occasionally issued heavier rupees.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign Trade Under Mughals|author=Mohammad Idris|publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors|year=2004|page=55}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190410143120/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/mc_mughal.aspx Mughal Coinage] at Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</ref>
The Indian rupee was the official currency of [[Dubai]] and [[Qatar]] until 1959, when India created a new [[Gulf rupee]] (also known as the "external rupee") to hinder the smuggling of gold.<ref name="nyrop2008">{{Cite book | title=Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States | author=Richard F. Nyrop | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7 | publisher=Wildside Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC | quote=... The Indian rupee was the principal currency until 1959, when it was replaced by a special gulf rupee to halt gold smuggling into India ...}}</ref> The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966, when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee and a new [[Qatari riyal|Qatar-Dubai riyal]] was established to provide economic stability.<ref name="nyrop2008" />
===Straits Settlements===
The [[Straits Settlements]] were originally an outlier of the [[British East India Company]]. The [[Spanish dollar]] had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century. The East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned.
===Tibet===
Until the middle of the 20th century, [[Tibet]]'s official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.<ref name="roosevelt1929">{{Cite journal | title=Trailing the giant panda |journal=Nature |volume=124 |issue=3138 |pages=944 |author1=Theodore Roosevelt |author2=Kermit Roosevelt | year=1929 | publisher=Scribner | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZCAAAAIAAJ | quote=... The currency in general use was what was known at the Tibetan rupee ...|bibcode=1929Natur.124R.944. |doi=10.1038/124944b0 |s2cid=4086078 }}</ref>
===Denominations===
The original silver rupee, [[fineness|.917 fine]] silver, {{convert|11.66|g|gr ozt|abbr=off}}, was divided into 16 [[Anna (coin)|annas]], 64 [[Paisa|paise]], or 192 [[pie (Indian coin)|pies]]. Each circulating coin of [[British India]], until the rupee was decimalised, had a different name in practice. A [[paisa]] was equal to two ''dhelas'', three ''pies'', or six ''damaris''. Other coins for half anna (''adhanni'', or two paisas), two annas (''duanni''), four annas (a ''chawanni'', or a quarter of a rupee), and eight annas (an ''athanni'', or half a rupee) were widely in use until decimalization in 1961. (The [[Indian numerals|numbers]] ''adha'', ''do'', ''chār'', ''ātha'' mean respectively half, two, four, eight in Hindi and Urdu.<ref>See, for example https://www.hindi.co/ginatee/numbers_saNkhyaaENn.html, https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/urdu.htm</ref>) Two ''paisa'' was also called a ''taka'', see below.
== Види још ==
* [[Индонежанска рупија]]
* [[Малдивска руфија]]
== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Richard Seaford |title=Tragedy, Ritual and Money in Ancient Greece: Selected Essays|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=January 2002 |page=1599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo5yDwAAQBAJ&q=rupya+earliest+panini&pg=PA389|author-link=Richard Seaford|isbn=9781107171718}}
* {{cite web |author=etymonline.com |date=20 September 2008 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none |title=Etymology of rupee |access-date=20 September 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Redy |url=http://worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C3/India/AIndia.htm |title=AIndia.htm |publisher=Worldcoincatalog.com |access-date=20 June 2013}}
* Trübner's Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World, translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan, Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. London • 1906 [First Edition ‐ London • 1884]
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA214 |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |author=Radhakumud Mookerji |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804050 |year=1966}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA132 |title=Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics |author=D. R. Bhandarkar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=129–132 |isbn=9788120605497 |year=1990}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |title=Gulf rupee: When the Reserve Bank of India played central banker in West Asia |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1005110/gulf-rupee-when-the-reserve-bank-of-india-played-central-banker-in-west-asia |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}
* {{cite web |url=https://inrtousd.com/exchange-rate-history-of-indian-rupee-inr/ |title= INR AND FOREIGN CURRENCY RELATIONS FROM 1947 TO 2020 |publisher= inrtousd.com |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |title=The forgotten anniversary of decimalisation |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/the-forgotten-anniversary-of-decimalisation/articleshow/2659901.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-25}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wadhva |first1=Charan D. |last2=Paul |first2=Samuel |date=1973 |title=The Dollar Devaluation and India's Balance of Payments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362402 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=517–522 |jstor=4362402 |issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Verghese |first=S. K. |date=1973 |title=International Monetary Crises and the Indian Rupee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362898 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=1342–1348 |jstor=4362898 |issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Citation|last=Spotlight|title=[English]PM Modi's Surgical Strike on Corruption {{!}} 500,1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore|date=8 November 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpPE8UDEzo|access-date=8 November 2016 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://canirmalg.wordpress.com/2017/01/23/dispelling-myths-about-indias-finances-post-independence/ |title=Dispelling Myths about India's Finances post Independence|date=2017-01-23|website= Nirmal Ghorawat's Blog|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bookmyforex.com/blog/1-usd-to-inr-in-1947/|title=USD Rates in 1947 to 2018 {{!}} US Dollar to INR History {{!}} 1 USD Against INR|date=2017-10-04|website=Blog-Best Foreign Exchange|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-13}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html|title=Busting the myth: Re 1 was not equal to $1 in 1947|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-01-13}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-why-the-supposed-rupee-dollar-parity-of-1947-is-a-myth/20130819.htm|title=Why the supposed rupee-dollar parity of 1947 is a myth}}
* {{cite web|title=Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991|url=http://ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329195215/http://www.ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |last1=Chellappan |first1=P. |title=TAM to Unicode conversion |url=http://unicode.org/notes/tn18/tam_to_unicode.pdf |accessdate=25 October 2019}}
* {{cite web |author1=P.W.C. Davidar |title=Standards Prescribed for 16-bit coding of Tamil Script |url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10318-tamil-nadu.pdf |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=25 October 2019 |date=2010-06-23}}
* {{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Shriramana |title=Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12231-tamil-fractions-symbols-proposal.pdf |pages=14–15 |date=2017-07-12}}
* {{cite web |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Delta code chart for Tamil. |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-4.0/U40-0B80.pdf |date=2003}}
{{Refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Rupee}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=rupee}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDINR=x?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAM2NVEQYdthcfsY8FvogWeYPIEdLy1wrhqbezx99FB2knUldJbn5bbIdRWrX5widXkj2cQlTXIJScT_qna6I7vMS2bMHWRv8aUX7TbPupzQHMF8l9fEAq9G5ZgrnznuPJuXy287ewBNOgE3RbzPy45XpF8r29X8I_wrPJq1W4KZ7}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Picture of original ''Rupiya'' introduced by Sher Shah Suri]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-overview.html Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/personalised/personalisation.asp?filename=currency.html&secid=other Reserve Bank of India]
{{нормативна контрола}}
| |||