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'''Биофизика'''
<!--
Biophysics research today comprises a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying factor, nor subject themselves to clear and concise definitions. The studies included under the umbrella of biophysics range from [[sequence analysis]] to [[neural network]]s. In the past, biophysics included creating mechanical limbs and nanomachines to regulate biological functions. Today, these are more commonly referred to as belonging to the fields of [[bioengineering]] and [[nanotechnology]] respectively.-->
== Преглед==
<!--Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies physical techniques for the study of biological phenomena.
Traditional studies in [[biochemistry]] and [[molecular biology]] are conducted using [[statistical ensemble]] experiments, typically using pico- to micro-[[Concentration#Molarity|molar]] concentrations of [[macromolecules]]. Because the molecules that comprise living cells are so small, techniques such as [[PCR]] amplification, gel blotting, [[fluorescence]] labeling and [[staining (biology)|in vivo staining]] are used so that experimental results are observable with an unaided eye or, at most, [[optical]] [[magnification]]. Using these techniques, researchers in these subjects attempt to elucidate the complex systems of interactions that give rise to the processes that make life possible. -->
<!--Biophysics, in contrast, typically addresses similar biological questions, but the questions are asked at a [[molecular]] level. By drawing knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines (as described below), biophysicists are able to indirectly observe or model the structures and interactions of ''individual'' [[molecules]] or complexes of molecules.
-->
<!--In addition to things like solving a [[protein structure]] or measuring the [[chemical kinetics|kinetics]] of interactions, biophysics is also understood to encompass research areas that apply models and experimental techniques derived from [[physics]] (e.g. [[electromagnetism]] and [[quantum mechanics]]) to larger systems such as tissues or organs (hence the inclusion of basic [[neuroscience]] as well as more applied techniques such as [[fMRI]]).-->
<!--Biophysics often does not have university-level departments of its own, but have presence as groups across departments within the fields of [[biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[pharmacology]], [[physiology]], [[physics]], and [[neuroscience]]. What follows is a list of examples of how each department applies its efforts toward the study of biophysics. This list is hardly all inclusive. Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much mixing between departments.-->
<!--*[[Biology]] and [[molecular biology]] - Almost all forms of biophysics efforts are included in some biology department somewhere. To include some: [[gene regulation]], single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, [[patch clamp]]ing, [[biomechanics]].
*[[Structural biology]] - angstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof.
*[[Biochemistry]] and [[chemistry]] - biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships.
*[[Computer science]] - Neural networks, Biomolecular and drug databases.
*[[Computational chemistry]] - [[Molecular dynamics]] simulation, [[Molecular docking]], [[Quantum chemistry]]
*[[Bioinformatics]] - [[sequence alignment]], [[structural alignment]], [[Protein structure prediction]]
*[[Mathematics]] - graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, [[phylogenetics]].
*[[Medicine]] and [[neuroscience]] - tackling neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors.
*[[Pharmacology]] and [[physiology]] - channel biology, biomolecular interactions, cellular membranes, polyketides.
*[[Physics]] - Biomolecular free energy, stochastic processes, covering dynamics.-->
<!--Many [[biophysical techniques]] are unique to this field.
Many of the research traditions in biophysics were initiated by scientists who were straight physicists, chemists, and biologists by training.-->
== Теме биофизике и сродних поља ==
<!--* [[Animal locomotion]]
* [[Cellular biophysics]]
* [[Ion channel|Channels]], [[transmembrane receptor|receptors]] and [[Molecular transporter|transporter]]s
* [[Electrophysiology]]
* [[Cell membrane]]s
* [[Biological thermodynamics|Bioenergetics]]
* [[Gravitational biology]]
* [[Molecular motors]]
* [[Muscle]] and [[contractility]]
* [[Nucleic acid]]s
* [[Photobiophysics]] and [[biophotonics]]
* [[Protein]]s
* [[Signals (biology)|Signaling]]
* [[Supramolecular assemblies]]-->
* [[Спектроскопија]], [[imaging]], etc.
<!--* [[Systems neuroscience]]
* [[Neural encoding]]
* [[Bionics]]
* [[Polysulphur membranes]]
* [[Biosensor]] and [[Bioelectronics]]
* [[Quantum biology]]-->
== Славни биофизичари ==
* [[Луиђи Галвани]], проналазач [[биоелетрицитет]]а.
* [[Херман фон Хелмхолц]], физикохемичар, први који је мерио брзину [[нервни импулс|нервног импулса]];испитивао слух и вид.
* [[Алан Хоџкин]] и [[Ендрју Хаксли]], математичка теорија јонског флукса у [[акциони потенцијал|нервним ипулсима]].
<!--* [[Georg von Békésy]], research on the human ear
* [[Bernard Katz]], discovered how [[synapse]]s work
* [[Hermann Joseph Muller|Hermann J. Muller]], discovered that [[X-rays]] cause [[mutation]]s
-->
* [[Linus Pauling]] & [[Robert Corey]], co-discoverers of the [[alpha helix]] and [[beta sheet]] structures in [[protein]]s
* [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], pioneer of [[biophoton]]s work
* [[J. D. Bernal]], [[X-ray crystallography]] of [[plant virus]]es and [[protein]]s
* [[Rosalind Franklin]], [[Maurice Wilkins]], [[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]], pioneers of [[DNA]] [[crystallography]] and co-discoverers of the [[genetic code]]
* [[Max Perutz]] & [[John Kendrew]], pioneers of [[protein]] [[crystallography]]
* [[Allan McLeod Cormack|Allan Cormack]] & [[Godfrey Hounsfield]], development of [[computed tomography|computer assisted tomography]]
* [[Пол Латербур]] (Paul Lauterbur), (хемичар) и [[Питер Менсфилд]] (Peter Mansfield) )физичар) развили сликање помоћу [[нуклеарна магнетна резонанција|нуклеарне магнетне резонанције]].
== Други значајни биофизичари ==
* [[Adolf Eugen Fick]], responsible for [[Fick's law of diffusion]] and a method to determine [[cardiac output]].
* [[Howard Berg]], characterized properties of [[bacterial]] [[chemotaxis]]
* [[Steven Block]], observed the motions of enzymes such as [[kinesin]] and [[RNA polymerase]] with [[optical tweezers]]
* [[Carlos Bustamante]], known for single-molecule biophysics of [[molecular motors]] and biological [[polymer physics]]
* [[Steven Chu]], Nobel Laureate who helped develop optical trapping techniques used by many biophysicists
* [[Friedrich Dessauer]], research on radiation, especially [[X-ray]]s
* [[Julio Fernandez]]
* [[John J. Hopfield]], worked on error correction in Transcription and Translation (kinetic proof-reading), and associative memory models ([[Hopfield net]])
* [[Martin Karplus]], research on [[molecular dynamics|molecular dynamical]] simulations of biological macromolecules.
* [[Franklin Offner]], professor emeritus at [[Northwestern University]] of professor of biophysics, biomedical engineering and electronics who developed a modern prototype of the [[electroencephalograph]] and [[electrocardiograph]] called the dynograph
* [[Benoit Roux]]
* [[Mikhail Volkenshtein]], [[Revaz Dogonadze]] & [[Zurab Urushadze]], authors of the 1st [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum-Mechanical]] (Physical) Model of Enzyme Catalysis, supported a theory that enzyme catalysis use quantum-mechanical effects such as [[Quantum tunneling|tunneling]].
* [[John P. Wikswo]], research on biomagnetism
* [[Douglas Warrick]], specializing in [[bird flight]] ([[hummingbird]]s and [[pigeon]]s)
* [[Balaji V N]], specialized in computational biology
== Литература==
* Perutz M.F. Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1962
* {{cite journal | author=Perutz MF | title=The haemoglobin molecule | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B | volume=173 | issue=31 | year=1969 | pages=113-40}} PMID 4389425
* Dogonadze R.R. and Urushadze Z.D. Semi-Classical Method of Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions Proceeding in Polar Liquids.- ''J.Electroanal.Chem.'', 32, 1971, pp. 235-245
* Volkenshtein M.V., Dogonadze R.R., Madumarov A.K., Urushadze Z.D. and Kharkats Yu.I. Theory of Enzyme Catalysis.- ''Molekuliarnaya Biologia'' (Moscow), 6, 1972, pp. 431-439 (In Russian, English summary)
*K. Sneppen and G. Zocchi, (2005) ''Physics in Molecular Biology'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-84419-3
== Видети још ==
[[Биофизичка хемија]]
* [[List of publications in biology#Biophysics|Important publications in biophysics (biology)]]
* [[list of publications in physics#Biophysics|important publications in biophysics (physics)]]
== Спољашње везе ==
{{WVD}}
* [http://www.biophysics.org/ Biophysical Society]
[[Категорија:Биофизика]]
[[Категорија:Физичка хемија]]
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