Hydrophiinae
Morske zmije, ili zmije koralnog grebena, su potfamilija venomnih elapidnih zmija, Hydrophiinae, koje nastanjuju morske sredine tokom većeg dela ili celokupnog života. Većina njih je dobro prilagođena potpuno vodenom životu i ne mogu se kretati kopnom, osim roda Laticauda, koji ima ograničeno kretanje kopnom. One se nalaze se u toplim obalskim vodama od Indijskog do Tihog okeana i usko su povezane sa otrovnim kopnenim zmijama u Australiji.[2]
| Hydrophiinae Vremenski raspon:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Žuto-trbušna morska zmija (Hydrophis platurus) na plaži u Kostariki | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Chordata |
| Klasa: | Reptilia |
| Red: | Squamata |
| Podred: | Serpentes |
| Porodica: | Elapidae |
| Potporodica: | Hydrophiinae Smith, 1926 |
| |
| Opseg morskih zmija je prikazan zelenom bojom, izuzev široko raširene, pelagične žuto-trbušne morske zmije | |
Sve morske zmije imaju repove nalik veslu, a mnoge imaju bočno komprimovana tela koja im daju izgled jegulja. Za razliku od riba, nemaju škrge i moraju redovno da izrone da bi disale. Zajedno s kitovima, spadaju u najpotpunije vodene životinje od svih kičmenjaka koji dišu vazduh.[3] Neke od vrsta ove grupe imaju najmoćnije otrove od svih zmija. Deo njih ima blage dispozicije i ugrizaju samo kad su provocirane, dok su druge puno agresivnije. Trenutno je 17 rodova morskih zmija opisano.[4][5][5]
Sistematika уреди
Rodovi уреди
- Acanthophis Daudin, 1803
- Aipysurus Lacépède, 1804
- Antaioserpens Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Aspidomorphus Fitzinger, 1843
- Austrelaps Worrell, 1963
- Brachyurophis Günther, 1863
- Cacophis Günther, 1863
- Cryptophis Worrell, 1961
- Demansia Günther, 1858
- Denisonia Krefft, 1869
- Drysdalia Worrell, 1961
- Echiopsis Fitzinger, 1843
- Elapognathus Boulenger, 1896
- Emydocephalus Krefft, 1869
- Ephalophis M. A. Smith, 1931
- Furina A. M. C. Duméril, 1853
- Hemiaspis Fitzinger, 1861
- Hoplocephalus Wagler, 1830
- Hydrelaps Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801
- Kolpophis M. A. Smith, 1926
- Loveridgelaps McDowell, 1970
- Micropechis Boulenger, 1896
- Neelaps Günther, 1863
- Notechis Boulenger, 1896
- Ogmodon W. C. H. Peters, 1864
- Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923
- Parahydrophis Burger and Natsuno, 1974
- Parapistocalamus Roux, 1934
- Parasuta Worrell, 1961
- Paroplocephalus Keogh, Scott and Scanlon, 2000
- Pseudechis Wagler, 1830
- Pseudonaja Günther, 1858
- Rhinoplocephalus F. Müller, 1885
- Salomonelaps McDowell, 1970
- Simoselaps Jan, 1859
- Suta Worrell, 1961
- Thalassophis P. Schmidt, 1852
- Toxicocalamus Boulenger, 1896
- Tropidechis Günther, 1863
- Vermicella Gray in Günther, 1858
Vrste уреди
- Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802)
- Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddodk, Ellis, Doughty, A. Smith and Wüster, 2015
- Acanthophis hawkei Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Acanthophis laevis Macleay, 1878
- Acanthophis praelongus Ramsay, 1877
- Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898
- Acanthophis rugosus Loveridge, 1948
- Acanthophis wellsi Hoser, 1998
- Aipysurus apraefrontalis M. A. Smith, 1926
- Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869
- Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray, 1849)
- Aipysurus foliosquama M. A. Smith, 1926
- Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi, 1837)
- Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804
- Aipysurus mosaicus Sanders, Rasmussen, Elmburg, Mumpuni, Guinea, Blias, Lee and Fry, 2012
- Aipysurus pooleorum L. A. Smith, 1974
- Aipysurus tenuis Lönnberg and Andersson, 1913
- Antaioserpens albiceps (Boulenger, 1898)
- Antaioserpens warro (De Vis, 1884)
- Aspidomorphus lineaticollis (Werner, 1903)
- Aspidomorphus muelleri (Schlegel, 1837)
- Aspidomorphus schlegelii (Günther, 1872)
- Austrelaps labialis (Jan, 1859)
- Austrelaps ramsayi (Krefft, 1864)
- Austrelaps superbus (Günther, 1858)
- Brachyurophis approximans (Glauert, 1954)
- Brachyurophis australis (Krefft, 1864)
- Brachyurophis campbelli (Kinghorn, 1929)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus (Günther, 1872)
- Brachyurophis incinctus (Storr, 1968)
- Brachyurophis morrisi (Horner, 1998)
- Brachyurophis roperi (Kinghorn, 1931)
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus Günther, 1863
- Cacophis churchilli Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869
- Cacophis krefftii Günther, 1863
- Cacophis squamulosus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Cryptophis boschmai (Brongersma and Knaap-van Meeuwen, 1964)
- Cryptophis incredibilis (Wells and Wellington, 1985)
- Cryptophis nigrescens (Günther, 1862)
- Cryptophis nigrostriatus (Krefft, 1864)
- Cryptophis pallidiceps (Günther, 1858)
- Demansia angusticeps (Macleay, 1888)
- Demansia calodera Storr, 1978
- Demansia flagellatio Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Demansia olivacea (Gray, 1842)
- Demansia papuensis (Macleay, 1877)
- Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)
- Demansia quaesitor Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia reticulata (Gray, 1842)
- Demansia rimicola Scanlon in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978
- Demansia shinei Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia simplex Storr, 1978
- Demansia torquata (Günther, 1862)
- Demansia vestigiata (De Vis, 1884)
- Denisonia devisi Waite and Longman, 1920
- Denisonia maculata (Steindachner, 1867)
- Drysdalia coronoides (Günther, 1858)
- Drysdalia mastersii (Krefft, 1866)
- Drysdalia rhodogaster (Jan in Jan and Sordelli, 1873)
- Echiopsis curta (Schlegel, 1837)
- Elapognathus coronatus (Schlegel, 1837)
- Elapognathus minor (Günther, 1863)
- Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869
- Emydocephalus ijimae Stejneger, 1898
- Emydocephalus szczerbaki Dotsenko, 2011
- Ephalophis greyae M. A. Smith, 1931
- Furina barnardi (Kinghorn, 1939)
- Furina diadema (Schlegel, 1837)
- Furina dunmalli (Worrell, 1955)
- Furina ornata (Gray, 1842)
- Furina tristis (Günther, 1858)
- Hemiaspis damelii (Günther, 1876)
- Hemiaspis signata (Jan, 1859)
- Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan, 1859)
- Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Schlegel, 1837)
- Hoplocephalus stephensii Krefft, 1869
- Hydrelaps darwiniensis Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis atriceps Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis belcheri (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis bituberculatus W. C. H. Peters, 1873
- Hydrophis brookii Günther, 1872
- Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis cantoris Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis coggeri (Kharin, 1984)
- Hydrophis curtus (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984)
- Hydrophis donaldi Ukuwela, Sanders and Fry, 2012
- Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider, 1799)
- Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis hardwickii (Gray, 1835)
- Hydrophis hendersoni (Boulenger, 1903)
- Hydrophis inornatus (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis kingii Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis klossi Boulenger, 1912
- Hydrophis laboutei Rasmussen and Ineich, 2000
- Hydrophis lamberti M. A. Smith, 1917
- Hydrophis lapemoides (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin, 1983
- Hydrophis major (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis mamillaris (Daudin, 1803)
- Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray, 1849
- Hydrophis melanosoma Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis obscurus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis ocellatus Gray, 1849
- Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer, 1855
- Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis parviceps M. A. Smith, 1935
- Hydrophis peronii (A. M. C. Duméril, 1853)
- Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881
- Hydrophis sibauensis Rasmussen, Auliya and Böhme, 2001
- Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis stokesii (Gray, 1846)
- Hydrophis stricticollis Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis torquatus Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis viperinus (P. Schmidt, 1852)
- Hydrophis vorisi Kharin, 1984
- Hydrophis zweifeli (Kharin, 1985)
- Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901)
- Loveridgelaps elapoides (Boulenger, 1890)
- Micropechis ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829)
- Neelaps calonotus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Notechis scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)
- Ogmodon vitianus W. C. H. Peters, 1864
- Oxyuranus microlepidotus (McCoy, 1879)
- Oxyuranus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867)
- Oxyuranus temporalis Doughty, Maryan, Donnellan and Hutchinson, 2007
- Parahydrophis mertoni (Roux, 1910)
- Parapistocalamus hedigeri Roux, 1934
- Parasuta dwyeri (Worrell, 1956)
- Parasuta flagellum (McCoy, 1878)
- Parasuta gouldii (Gray, 1841)
- Parasuta monachus (Storr, 1964)
- Parasuta nigriceps (Günther, 1863)
- Parasuta spectabilis (Krefft, 1869)
- Paroplocephalus atriceps (Storr, 1980)
- Pseudechis australis (Gray, 1842)
- Pseudechis butleri L. A. Smith, 1982
- Pseudechis colletti Boulenger, 1902
- Pseudechis guttatus De Vis, 1905
- Pseudechis pailsei (Hoser, 1998)
- Pseudechis papuanus W. C. H. Peters and Doria, 1878
- Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794)
- Pseudechis rossignolii (Hoser, 2000)
- Pseudechis weigeli (Wells and Wellington, 1987)
- Pseudonaja affinis Günther, 1872
- Pseudonaja aspidorhyncha (McCoy, 1879)
- Pseudonaja guttata (Parker, 1926)
- Pseudonaja inframacula (Waite, 1925)
- Pseudonaja ingrami (Boulenger, 1908)
- Pseudonaja mengdeni Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Pseudonaja modesta (Günther, 1872)
- Pseudonaja nuchalis Günther, 1858
- Pseudonaja textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Rhinoplocephalus bicolor F. Müller, 1885
- Salomonelaps par (Boulenger, 1884)
- Simoselaps anomalus (Sternfeld, 1919)
- Simoselaps bertholdi (Jan, 1859)
- Simoselaps bimaculatus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Simoselaps littoralis (Storr, 1968)
- Simoselaps minimus (Worrell, 1960)
- Suta fasciata (Rosén, 1905)
- Suta ordensis (Storr, 1984)
- Suta punctata (Boulenger, 1896)
- Suta suta (W. C. H. Peters, 1863)
- Thalassophis anomalus P. Schmidt, 1852
- Toxicocalamus buergersi (Sternfeld, 1913)
- Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea, Parker and Kaiser, 2015
- Toxicocalamus grandis (Boulenger, 1914)
- Toxicocalamus holopelturus McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus longissimus Boulenger, 1896
- Toxicocalamus loriae (Boulenger, 1898)
- Toxicocalamus mintoni Kraus, 2009
- Toxicocalamus misimae McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus pachysomus Kraus, 2009
- Toxicocalamus preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
- Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Boulenger, 1903
- Tropidechis carinatus (Krefft, 1863)
- Vermicella annulata (Gray in Gray, 1841)
- Vermicella intermedia Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996
- Vermicella multifasciata (Longman, 1915)
- Vermicella snelli Storr, 1968
- Vermicella vermiformis Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996
Podvrste уреди
- Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802)
- Acanthophis antarcticus schistos Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Acanthophis wellsi donnellani Hoser, 2002
- Acanthophis wellsi wellsi Hoser, 1998
- Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus Brongersma, 1934
- Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus Brongersma, 1934
- Aspidomorphus muelleri muelleri (Schlegel, 1837)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciatus (Stirling and Zietz, 1893)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciolatus (Günther, 1872)
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus semifasciatus Günther, 1863
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus woodjonesii (Thomson, 1934)
- Demansia papuensis melaena Storr, 1978
- Demansia papuensis papuensis (Macleay, 1877)
- Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Storr, 1978
- Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)
- Hydrophis caerulescens caerulescens (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis caerulescens hybridus Schlegel, 1844
- Hydrophis jerdonii jerdonii (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis jerdonii siamensis (M. A. Smith, 1926)
- Hydrophis ornatus godeffroyi W. C. H. Peters, 1873
- Hydrophis ornatus maresinensis Mittleman, 1947
- Hydrophis ornatus ornatus (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi M. A. Smith, 1920
- Hydrophis torquatus diadema Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis torquatus torquatus Günther, 1864
- Micropechis ikaheca fasciatus (Fischer, 1884)
- Micropechis ikaheca ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829)
- Notechis scutatus occidentalis Glauert, 1948
- Notechis scutatus scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)
- Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Slater, 1956
- Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867)
- Parasuta spectabilis bushi (Storr, 1988)
- Parasuta spectabilis nullarbor (Storr, 1981)
- Parasuta spectabilis spectabilis (Krefft, 1869)
- Pseudonaja affinis affinis Günther, 1872
- Pseudonaja affinis exilis Storr, 1989
- Pseudonaja affinis tanneri Worrell, 1961
- Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser, 2003
- Pseudonaja textilis textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus (Bogert and Matalas, 1945)
- Toxicocalamus preussi preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
Reference уреди
- ^ „Fossilworks: Hydrophiinae”. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 08. 2020. г. Приступљено 30. 07. 2019.
- ^ Hutchings, Pat (2008). The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management. Csiro Publishing. стр. 345. ISBN 9780643099975. „Sea snakes are true reptiles closely related to Australian venomous terrestrial snakes. Indeed, both groups are included in a single subfamily, Hydrophiinae, by most modern herpetologists.”
- ^ Parker HW, Grandison AGC. 1977. Snakes – a natural history. Second Edition. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8014-9164-9 (paper).
- ^ „Elapidae”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Приступљено 7. 8. 2007.
- ^ а б Elapidae Архивирано 2008-10-11 на сајту Wayback Machine at the New Reptile Database. Accessed 12 August 2007.
Literatura уреди
- Graham JB, Lowell WR, Rubinoff I, Motta J. 1987. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis platurus. J. exp. Biol. 127, 27-44. PDF at the [Journal of Experimental Biology]. Accessed 7 August 2007.
- Rasmussen AR. 1997. Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 70, 15-30.
- Smith MA. 1926. Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). British Museum of Natural History, London.
- Voris HK. 1977. A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Fieldiana Zool. 70, 79-169.
- Whitaker R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.
Spoljašnje veze уреди
Vikivrste imaju više informacija o članku Hydrophiinae.
- Sea Snakes in Qatar
- Sea Snakes at Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online. Accessed 6 August 2007.
- Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes
- Alexis Gillham, Man cheats sea snake, Townsville Bulletin, 8 November 2010. Accessed 8 November 2010