Muslimansko osvajanje na Indijskom potkontinentu
Muslimansko osvajanje na Indijskom potkontinentu odvijalo se uglavnom od 12. do 16. veka, mada ranija muslimanska osvajanja obuhvataju invazije u moderni Avganistan i Pakistan i Omejadske kampanje u Indiji, u vreme Radžputskih kraljevstava u 8. veku. Mahmud Gaznivi, prvi vladar koji je nosio titulu sultana i koji je očuvao ideološku vezu sa sizerenstvom Abasidskog kalifata, napao je i pljačkao ogromne delove Pundžaba u Gudžaratu, počevši od reke Ind, tokom 10. veka. [1][2]
Guridsko carstvo kojim su vladali Muhamed Guri i Abul-Fatіh Gori postavilo je temelje muslimanske vladavine u Indiji, nakon zauzimanja Lahora i preostalih Gaznavida. Godine 1206. je Baktijar Kaldži, čija je invazija prouzrokovala nestanak budizma iz Istočne Indije, predvodio muslimansko osvajanja Bengala, što predstavlja najistočniju ekspanziju islama u to vreme. Guridsko carstvo je ubrzo evoluiralo u Delhijski sultanat kojim je vladao Kutb al-din Ajbak, osnivač dinastije Mameluka. Uspostavljanjem Delhijskog sultanata, islam se proširio na većinu delova indijskog potkontinenta.
U 14. veku, dinastija Kaldži, pod Ala-Ud-Din Haldžijem, privremeno je proširila muslimansku vlast na jug do Gujarata, Radžastana i Dekana, dok je dinastija Tuglakida privremeno proširila svoj teritorijalni doseg do Tamil Nadua. Raspad Delhijskog sultanata doveo je do pojave nekoliko muslimanskih sultanata i dinastija širom indijskog potkontinenta, kao što su Gujaratski sultanat, Malvanski sultanat, Bahmanski sultanat i bogati Bengalski sultanat, glavna trgovinska država u svetu.[3][4] U nekima od njih su usledila hinduistička ponovna osvajanja i otpor domaćih sila, te su nastale države kao što su Vidžajanagara, Gadžapati, Čero, Redi i Radžput.
Pre punog uspona Mogulskog carstva koje je osnovao Babur, jednog od barutnih carstava, koje je anektiralo skoro sve vladajuće elite čitave Južne Azije, Suridsko carstvo kojim je upravljao Šer Šah Suri osvojilo je velike teritorije u severnim delovima Indije. Akbar Veliki je postepeno proširio Mogulsko carstvo tako da je obuhvatalo skoro celu Južnu Aziju, dok je zenit postignut krajem 17. veka, kada je vladavina pod carem Aurangzebom osvedočila potpuno uspostavljanje islamskog šerijata kroz Fatavu Alamgiri.[5][6]
Muguli su pretrpeli masovni pad u ranom 18. veku nakon invazije afšaridskog vladara Nader Šaha, neočekivanog napada koji je ponizio čak i Britansko carstvo.[7] Ovo je pružilo mogućnosti moćnom kraljevstvu Majsur, Navabima Bengala i Muršidabada, Carstvu Marata, Carstvu Sika i Nizamima Hiderabada da uspostave kontrolu nad velikim regionima indijskog potkontinenta.[8]
Reference уреди
- ^ Heathcote 1995, стр. 6.
- ^ Anjum 2007, стр. 234.
- ^ Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge. 1998. ISBN 0-415-15482-0. стр. 187-190.
- ^ Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, стр. 217, на сајту Гугл књиге, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press
- ^ Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360.
- ^ Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance (на језику: енглески). Edward Elgar Publishing. стр. 62—63. ISBN 9781783475728.
- ^ „An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722-1922)”. Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. стр. 33. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 24. 9. 2010.
- ^ Ian Copland; Ian Mabbett; Asim Roy; et al. (2012). A History of State and Religion in India. Routledge. стр. 161.
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Spoljašnje veze уреди
- History of Islam in India by Neria Harish Hebbar (article with several pages)
- Library of modern Hindu history – The Islamic Ages
- A Response to Muslim Legacy in India
- The Legacy of Jihad in India
- Historical Interaction of Buddhism and Islam (Including an e-book on the various phases of Muslim Rulers conquering India)
- Story of Pakistan
- History of Crafts, Manufacturing and Trade in South Asia
- Resources for the study of the Muslim Period of India