Algonkvini
Algonkvinski narodi su porodica naroda koja naseljava veliki deo severnoameričkog kontinenta. Teritorija koju naseljava algonkvinska porodica naroda prostire se od istočne obale Severne Amerike do Stenovitih planina. Algonkvini govore algonkvinskim jezicima. Praalgonkvinski jezik od koga potiču svi algonkvinski jezici je postojao pre oko 2.500 do 3.000 godina.
Istorija uredi
Pred-kolonijalni period uredi
Pre kontakta sa Evropljanima većina algonkvinskih naroda su bili lovci-sakupljači, a manji deo se bavio i uzgojem kukuruza, pasulja i bundeve. Oni su koristili metod obrađivanja zemljišta poseci i spali (premeštanje useva)[1][2][3][4][5][6] za stvaranje obradivih površina, tako što bi iskrčili deo šume, a zatim bi spalili posečena stabla, pepeo koji bi ostao predstavljao je đubrivo. Takve parcele su mogle da budu korišćene u sledećih godinu dana ili 2 godine, nakon čega bi selo bilo premešteno na drugo mesto. Zbog toga je u vreme prvih engleskih kolonista ova oblast bila iskrčena i spremna za sadnju. Zahvaljujući uzgoju ovih poljoprivrednih kultura Algonkvini južnog dela Nove Engleske su do te mere popravili svoju ishranu da je gustina stanovništva dostigla broj od 111 stanovnika na 100km² u poređenju sa 15,83 stanovnika na 100km² na severu.[7]
Narodi koji pripadaju ovoj porodici uredi
Kanada i Oblast Velikih jezera uredi
- Kri;
- Algonkvin;
- Nipising;
- Misisoga;
- Odžibva (ili Čipeva);
- Otava;
- Potavatomi;
- Beotuk;
- Mikmak;
- Malisit (koji naseljavaju i Novu Englesku).
Nova Engleska uredi
- Pasamakvodi (koji naseljavaju i Kanadu);
- Abenaki (koji naseljavaju i Kanadu);
- Nipmak;
- Masačuset;
- Vampanoag;
- Naraganset;
- Pekvot (ili Pikvot, Pekuot);
- Mohigan (ili Mohiganci);
- Niantik;
- Pokumtak;
- Matabeset (uključujući Vongank, Kvinipijak, Pugaset, Tanksis i Podank);
- Mohikan (ili Mohikanci).
Srednji i južni deo Istočne Obale SAD uredi
- Montaket (uključujući Montaket, Šinekok i Koršok);
- Ankačag (uključujući Ankačag, Neskvejk, Pačoug i Setoket);
- Delaveri (ili Leni-Lenape, (podgrupe: Munsi i Unami));
- Nantikok;
- Pohatan;
- Česapik;
- Čovanok;
- Vepemeok (uključujući Paspatank i Poteskit);
- Sekotan (uključujući Akvaskogok, Pomeiok, Dasamongpok, Mačapunga i Ber River);
- Pomoik (ili Pamliko);
- Njusiok.
Srednji Zapad SAD uredi
Zapad SAD uredi
Izvori uredi
- ^ Stevenson W. Fletcher (1950). Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640-1840. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. str. 2, 35—37, 63—65, 124.
- ^ Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests." Ecology, Vol. 34, #2 (April): 329-346.
- ^ New England and New York areas 1580-1800, 1953. Note: The Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems
- ^ Russell, Emily W.B. Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis, Ph.D. dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on pp. 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
- ^ Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States." Ecology, Vol. 64, #1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape Tribe used fire.
- ^ Gowans, William. "A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There." New York, NY: 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
- ^ Cronon 1983, str. 42.
Literatura uredi
- Cronon, William (1983). Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. str. 42. ISBN 978-0-8090-0158-3.
- Stevenson W. Fletcher (1950). Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640-1840. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. str. 2, 35—37, 63—65, 124.
- Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests." Ecology, Vol. 34, #2 (April): pp. 329-346.
- New England and New York areas 1580-1800, 1953.
- Russell, Emily W.B. Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis, Ph.D. dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. 1979
- Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States." Ecology, Vol. 64, #1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a
- Gowans, William. "A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There." New York, NY: 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York.
- Frink, Lisa (2006). Gender and Hide Production. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. str. 30. ISBN 978-0-7591-0850-9.