Braman
Brahman (sanskrit: ब्रह्म bráhman, iz korena brh – bujati, rasti[1]) je hinduistički koncept sveobuhvatnog bitka, koji je osnova svih bića, materija, vremena i prostora i svega postojećeg.[2][3][4] U vedanti, braman kao univerzalni princip sveobuhvatnosti je u korelaciji s atmanom, individualnim principom koji u njega uvire, i njegova je manifestacija. Budizam negira obe članice ovog odnosa, negira apsolut (braman) i negira pojedinačno sopstvo (atman).[1] Princip brahmana ne treba poistovećivati sa božanstvom Brahma u hinduizmu.
U glavnim školama hinduističke filozofije to je materijalni, efikasni, formalni i konačni uzrok svega što postoji.[3][5][6] To je sveprisutna, beskrajna, večna istina i blaženstvo koje se ne menja, ali je i uzrok svih promena.[2][4][7] Braman kao metafizički koncept koji se odnosi na jedinstveno vezivno jedinstvo iza različitosti u svemu što postoji u univerzumu.
Braman je vedska sanskrtska reč, a konceptualizovana je u hinduizmu, navodi Pol Dusen, kao „stvaralački princip koji leži realizovan u celom svetu“.[8] Braman je ključni koncept koji se nalazi u Vedama, i o njemu se opširno raspravlja u ranim Upanišadama.[9] Vede konceptualizuju Bramana kao kosmički princip.[10] U Upanišadama je različito opisano kao Sat-cit-ananda (istina-svest-blaženstvo)[11][12] i kao nepromenljiva, trajna, najviša stvarnost.[13][14][note 1][note 2]
O Bramanu se u hinduističkim tekstovima govori sa konceptom Atmana (sansk. आत्मन्), (Ja),[9][17] ličnog,[note 3] bezličnog[note 4] ili Para Bramana,[note 5] ili u različitim kombinacijama ovih kvaliteta u zavisnosti od filozofske škole.[18] U dualističkim školama hinduizma, kao što je teistička Dvajta Vedanta, Braman se u svakom biću razlikuje od Atmana (Ja).[6][19][20] U nedualnim školama kao što je Advajta Vedanta, Brahman je identičan Atmanu, svuda je unutar svakog živog bića, a duhovno jedinstvo je povezano u svom postojanju.[7][21][22]
Atributi brahmana uredi
Glavni atributi brahmana su večan, postojan, nepokolebljiv, samopostojeći, pun, nematerijalan, neograničen prostorom i vremenom, nezahvatljiv čulnom i razumskom spoznajom.[23] Svaki oblik zasebnog postojanja je identičan s njim, iz njega potiče i njemu se vraća.
| „ | Budući sveprožimajući, braman nije ograničen prostorom; budući večan, nije ograničen vremenom, a budući po prirodi sve, nije ograničen ni jednim objektom. Stoga je braman beskonačan u sva tri pogleda. Braman koji je biće (sat), svest (ćit) i blaženstvo (ananda) jeste stvarnost. Onaj ko zna bramana tako sam postaje braman. Braman je nerođen. Stoga se on ne rađa ponovo. | ” |
| — Šri Vidjaranja[24] | ||
Brahman se kao krajnja stvarnost ne sme brkati s posebnim bićima, jer je, budući sveobuhvatan, daleko više od bilo koje ograničene manifestacije. Stoga, nije čudo što se brahman ponekad poistovećuje s nebićem.[25]
Spoznaja bramana uredi
Ko shvati „punoću“ i nepokolebljivost „brahmana“, uživaće puno i nepokolebljivo blagostanje (Ćhandogja-upanišad, III, 12, 9). „Patnja je sve što je različito od tog brahmana“ (id. III, 5).
У хиндуизму се просветљенима сматрају они који увиђају да је браман идентичан с атманом (индивидуалним сопством).
Види још uredi
Напомене uredi
- ^ "not sublatable",[14] the final element in a dialectical process which cannot be eliminated or annihilated (German: "aufheben").
- ^ It is also defined as:
- The unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe; that is the one supreme, universal spirit.[15]
- The one supreme, all pervading Spirit that is the origin and support of the phenomenal universe.[16]
- ^ Saguna Brahman, with qualities
- ^ Nirguna Brahman, without qualities
- ^ Supreme
Извори uredi
- ^ а б Rada Iveković, Rana budistička misao ), Biblioteka Logos, IP Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo. 1977. pp. 131-152
- ^ а б Lochtefeld 2002, стр. 122
- ^ а б P. T. Raju (2006). Idealistic Thought of India. Routledge. стр. 426. ISBN 978-1406732627.and Conclusion chapter part XII
- ^ а б Fowler 2002, стр. 49–55 (in Upanishads), 318–319 (in Vishistadvaita), 246–248 and 252–255 (in Advaita), 342–343 (in Dvaita), 175–176 (in Samkhya-Yoga).
- ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi Press. ISBN 978-9042015104. str. 43–44.
- ^ a b Francis X. Clooney (2010). Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions. Oxford University Press. str. 51—58, 111—115. ISBN 978-0199738724.;
For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18–35 - ^ a b Brodd, Jeffrey (2009). World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery
(3rd izd.). Saint Mary's Press. str. 43–47. ISBN 978-0884899976.
- ^ Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120814684. str. 91.
- ^ a b Stephen Philips (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge. ISBN 978-0415187077. str. 1–4.
- ^ Goodman 1994, str. 121
- ^ Raju 1992, str. 228.
- ^ Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824802714, Chapter 1
- ^ Fowler 2002, str. 53–55.
- ^ a b Potter 2008, str. 6–7.
- ^ Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). World Religions. Winona, Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-725-5.
- ^ John Bowker (ed.)(2012), The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press.[1]
- ^ Fowler 2002, str. 49–53.
- ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791470824, Chapter 12: Atman and Brahman – Self and All
- ^ Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge. ISBN 978-0700712571. str. 124–127.
- ^ Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110342550. str. 155–157.
- ^ Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120820272. str. 19–40, 53–58, 79–86.
- ^ John E. Welshons (2009), One Self, One Love, One Heart, New World Library. ISBN 978-1577315889. str. 17–18.
- ^ Brahman, Filozofijski rečnik, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1984.
- ^ Panćadaši-Vedanta u petnaest knjiga, pp. 63, 65.
- ^ Biće i nebiće, Enciklopedija živih religija, Nolit. . Београд. 2004. ISBN 978-86-19-02360-3.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Concepts of God Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, (Compares Brahman with concepts of God found in other religions)
- Detailed essays on Brahman at Hinduwebsite.com