Dinastija Juan
Dinastija Juan ili Mongolska dinastija je naziv za period u kojem je Kinom po prvi put u istoriji vladala dinastija stranih osvajača. Iako je mongolski vladar Džingis-kan osvojio sjevernu Kinu početkom 13. vijeka, tek je njegov unuk Kublaj-kan uspio da dovrši osvajanje Kine, odnosno južnog dijela koji je bio pod dinastijom Sung.[1] Godine 1271. se proglasio kineskim carem i formalno ustanovio dinastiju. Razdoblje dinastije Juan je bilo relativno kratko, ali se pod upravom mongolskih careva Kina ponovno ujedinila, ekonomski oporavila i došla u dodir s cijelim nizom drugih naroda i kultura. U tom je periodu Kinu posjetio Marko Polo. Kako su se carevi dinastije Juan sve više sinizirali, tako je nestajao njihov uticaj među drugim mongolskim kanovima. U međuvremenu su ih kineski podanici i dalje smatrali stranim uzurpatorima te su godine 1368. istjerani iz Kine od strane Taizija, osnivača dinastije Ming. Ostaci dinastije Juan su vladali Mongolijom, da bi u 17. vijeku formalno vlast predali mandžurskoj dinastiji Ćing.
Iako je Džingis-kan (ustanak bivšeg podanika Đin carstva) ustoličen sa kineskom titulom cara 1206. godine,[2] a Mongolsko carstvo je decenijama vladalo teritorijama, uključujući i današnju severnu Kinu, tek 1271. godine Kublaj Kan je zvanično proglasio dinastiju u tradicionalnom kineskom stilu,[3] a osvajanje je završeno tek 1279. godine kada je dinastija Južni Song poražena u bici kod Jamena. Do tada je njegovo carstvo bilo izolovano od ostalih mongolskih kanata i kontrolisalo je veći deo savremene Kine i okolnih područja, uključujući i modernu Mongoliju.[4] Bila je to prva nehanska dinastija koja je vladala čitavom Kinom i trajala je do 1368. godine kada je dinastija Ming porazila Juanske snage.[5][6] Nakon toga, ukoreni vladari Džingisida povukli su se na Mongolsku visoravan i nastavili da vladaju kao dinastija Severnih Juana.[7]
Neki od Juanskih careva su savladali su kineski jezik, dok su drugi koristili samo svoj maternji mongolski jezik i mongolsko kvadratno pismo.[8]
Nakon podele Mongolskog carstva, dinastija Juan bila je kanat kojim su vladali naslednici Mongke kana. U zvaničnim kineskim istorijama dinastija Juan nosila je nebeski mandat. Dinastiju je osnovao Kublaj Kan, ali je svog dedu Džingis-kana stavio u carske zapise kao zvaničnog osnivača dinastije i dodelio mu hramovno ime Tajcu. U ediktu pod naslovom Proglašenje dinastičkog imena,[9] Kublaj je objavio ime nove dinastije kao Veliki Juan i tvrdio je poreklo od bivših kineskih dinastija od Tri suverena i pet careva do dinastije Tang.[9]
Pored kineskog cara, Kublaj kan takođe je polagao pravo na titulu Velikog kana, vrhovnog nad ostalim kanskim naslednicima: Čagatajima, Zlatnom Hordom i Ilkanatom. Kao takav, Juan se ponekad nazivao i Carstvom Velikog Kana. Međutim, dok su zapadni hanovi povremeno priznavali zahtev za prevlast juanskih careva, njihova potčinjenost bila je nominalna i svaki je nastavio svoj vlastiti razvoj.[10][11]
Reference
uredi- ^ Taagepera, Rein (septembar 1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia”. International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 499. JSTOR 2600793. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.
- ^ „太祖本纪 [Chronicle of Taizu]”. 《元史》 [History of Yuan] (na jeziku: kineski). „元年丙寅，帝大会诸王群臣，建九斿白旗，即皇帝位于斡难河之源，诸王群臣共上尊号曰成吉思皇帝["Genghis Huangdi"]。”
- ^ Mote 1994, str. 624.
- ^ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3.
- ^ Tan 2014, str. 312
- ^ Cheung 2016, str. 2
- ^ The History of China. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2015.
- ^ Franke, Herbert, Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese?
- ^ a b Emperor, Kublai (18. 12. 1271), 《建國號詔》 [Edict to Establish the Name of the State], 《元典章》[Statutes of Yuan] (na jeziku: kineski)
- ^ Saunders, J. J. The History of Mongol Conquests.
- ^ Grousset, René (1939). L'empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan [The Empire of Steppes] (na jeziku: francuski).
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi
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- „"萬戶路"、"千戶州" ——蒙古千戶百戶制度與華北路府州郡體制 – 新疆哲學社會科學”. Big5.xjass.com. 2013-02-27. Arhivirano iz originala 2016-03-04. g. Pristupljeno 2016-05-27.
- „白话元史-刘伯林传(附刘黑马传)”. Wenxue100.com. Pristupljeno 2016-05-27.
- „"万户路"、"千户州"——蒙古千户百户制度与华北路府州郡体制 – 中国人民大学清史研究所”. Iqh.net.cn. 2013-04-30. Arhivirano iz originala 03. 07. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 2016-05-27.
- May, Timothy Michael (2009-01-14). „The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the ...”. Books.google.com. Pristupljeno 2016-05-27.