Drveni duvački instrumenti
Drveni duvački instrumenti (ita. Legni, nem. Holzblater, fra. instrument à vent de bois, engl. Wood-winds, rus. духовые инструменты) su grupa muzičkih instrumenata (poznati i kao aerofoni instrumenti[1][2] od grč. αερο vazduh i φονος zvuk) kod kojih se zvuk proizvodi duvanjem, u većini slučajeva iz usta i pluća svirača.[3] Strujanje vazduha pokreće na treperenje jezičke napravljene od trske.[4][5] Oni se, iako se danas grade i od drveta i od metala ili kombinacije ova dva, nazivaju drvenim jer svi (osim saksofona) potiču od čisto drvenih instrumenata.[6]
Reprezentativni instrumenti uredi
Danas, glavni predstavnici ove grupe instrumenata, koji se sreću u klasičnoj muzici su:
- pikolo flauta (Piccolo Flauto – Picc.)[7][8]
- flauta (Flauto – Fl.)
- oboa (Oboa – Ob.)
- engleski rog (Corno inglese – C.i.)
- klarinet (Clarinetto – Cl.)
- bas-klarinet (Clarinetto Basso – Cl.B.)
- saksofon (Saxofono – Sax.)
- fagot (Fagotto – Fg.)
- kontrafagot (Contrafagotto – Cfg.)
Uloga drvenih duvačkih instrumenata u orkestru je raznolika. Iako u tehničkom i izražajnom pogledu nemaju toliko široki raspon različitih mogućnosti kao gudački instrumenti, ipak se pojedinačni instrumenti, pored karakteristilnih boja, odlikuju i velikom pokretljivošću, a i čitav veliki zvučni fond orkestra u svim registrima pokriven tonovima proizvedenim na drvenim duvačima. Moguće ih je stoga primeniti u svakom momentu za svaku melodijsku liniju u bilo kom registru. Ipak, imaju, kao i limeni duvači jedan veliki nedostatak, a to je fizička ograničenost ljudskim dahom.
Brojni sastav drvenih duvača u orkestru zavisi od veličine orkestra i zahteva kompozitora. Obično se smatra da je u kamernim ili manjim orkestrima potreban i poželjan jednostruki sastav, odnosno po jedan predstavnik osnovne registarske varijante:
- jednostruki sastav
- 1 flauta (Fl.)
- 1 oboa (Ob.)
- 1 klarinet (Cl.)
- 1 fagot (Fg.)
U većim orkestrima, razlikuju se sledeći sastavi:
- dvojni sastav
- 2 Fl.
- 2 Ob.
- 2 Cl.
- 2 Fg.
(katkad se u ovom sastavu može predvideti da izvođač II flaute svira i pikolo flautu (označava se sa II Fl. muta in Picc. ), a takođe su moguće i II Ob. muta in C.i. (engleski rog), kao i II Cl. muta in Cl.B (bas-klarinet), što je ređi slučaj)
- trojni sastav (najčešći sastav)
- 1 Picc.
- 2 Fl. (ili 3 Fl., pri čemu III Fl. muta in Picc.)
- 2 Ob.
- 1 C.i. (ili 3 Ob., pri čemu III Ob. muta in C.i.)
- 2 Cl.
- 1 Cl.B. (ili 3 Cl., pri čemu III Cl. muta in Cl.B.)
- 2 Fg.
- 1 Cfg. (ili 3 Fg., pri čemu III Fg. muta in Cfg.)
- četvorni sastav
- 1 Picc. (ređe IV Fl.)
- 3 Fl. (ponekad III Fl. muta in Fl. contralto)
- 3 Ob.
- 1 C.i.
- 3 Cl. (III Cl. muta in Cl. in E♭)
- 1 Cl.B. (ređe IV Cl.)
- 3 Fg.
- 1 Cfg. (ređe IV Fg.)[9]
Flaute uredi
Flaute proizvode zvuk usmeravajući fokusiranu struju vazduha ispod ivice otvora u cilindričnoj cevi.[10] Porodica flauta se mogu podeliti na dve podfamilije: otvorene flaute i zatvorene flaute.[11]
Da bi proizveo zvuk sa otvorenom flautom, od svirača se traži da duva mlaz vazduha preko oštre ivice koja zatim cepa vazdušni tok. Ova podeljena vazdušna struja zatim deluje na vazdušni stub koji se nalazi u šupljini flaute, uzrokujući da vibrira i proizvodi zvuk. Primeri otvorenih flauta su poprečna flauta, panova frula i šakuhači.[11] Drevne frule ove sorte, uključujući i bambusove, često su bile napravljene od cevastih delova biljaka kao što su trava, trska, bambus i izdubljene grane drveća. Kasnije su flaute pravljene od metala kao što su kalaj, bakar ili bronza. Moderne koncertne frule su obično napravljene od legure metala visokog kvaliteta, koje obično sadrže nikl, srebro, bakar ili zlato.[12]
Da bi proizveo zvuk sa zatvorenom flautom, od svirača se traži da duva vazduh u kanal. Ovaj kanal deluje kao kanal koji dovodi vazduh do oštre ivice. Kao i kod otvorenih flauta, vazduh se tada cepa; ovo uzrokuje da stub vazduha unutar zatvorene flaute vibrira i proizvodi zvuk. Primeri ove vrste flaute uključuju kljunastu flautu, okarinu i orgulje.[11]
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ „aerophone — OnMusic Dictionary”. Connect for Education Inc. 4. 12. 2014. Pristupljeno 4. 12. 2014.
- ^ Sachs, Curt (1940). The History of Musical Instruments, pp. 457 and 459. W. W. Nortan & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-02068-1
- ^ "Woodwind" Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
- ^ „Oboe Cane Processing Overview | Midwest Musical Imports Blog”. Midwest Musical Imports (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 2015-12-08. g. Pristupljeno 2015-12-03.
- ^ „Oboe Tube Cane Guide :: Midwest Musical Imports Blog”. Midwest Musical Imports (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 2015-12-08. g. Pristupljeno 2015-12-04.
- ^ „Drveni duvački instrumenti”. Svet instrumenata. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 10. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 18. 1. 2019.
- ^ Wilford, John N. (24. 6. 2009). „Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music”. Nature. 459 (7244): 248—52. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..248C. PMID 19444215. doi:10.1038/nature07995. Generalni sažetak – The New York Times.. Citation on p. 248.
- ^ Higham, Thomas; Basell, Laura; Jacobi, Roger; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Conard, Nicholas J. (2012). „Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle”. Journal of Human Evolution. 62 (6): 664—76. PMID 22575323. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003.
- ^ „Drveni duvački instrumenti”. samo-opusteno.info. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 01. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 24. 1. 2019.
- ^ “Flutes”; Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ a b v Carroll, Paul “Baroque Woodwind instruments” p. 45. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1999
- ^ “Flutes” Encyclopædia Britannica Online
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