Krišna
Krišna (sanskrit: कृष्ण kṛṣṇa - crni, sveprivlačni)[12] je hinduističko božanstvo,[13] koje se najčešće poštuje kao osma inkarnacija (avatar) boga Višnu, dok ga većina višnuista smatra za izvornu božansku ličnost koja je takođe i izvor Višnua.[13] Po višnuistima Krišna je Bog u svom najintimnijem izdanju. On se bezbrižno zabavlja, okružen osobama koje ga čisto i nemotivisano vole.[14][15][16] To su dečaci pastiri, pastirice, njegovi roditelji i stariji žitelji božanskog sela Vrindavana. Te ljubavne razmene su lišene strahopoštovanja i formalnosti, smatraju se najuzvišenijm ciljem duhovne samospoznaje.[17][18] Vedski spisi ga opisuju kao boga boje svežeg olujnog oblaka. Sa sobom uvek nosi sviralu (bansuri), dok u kosi ima pero pauna. Iako se to naučno ne može utvrditi, hinduisti veruju da je bio istorijska ličnost. Krišnin rođendan svake godine proslavljaju hindusi na Krišna Džanmaštami prema lunisolarnom hindu kalendaru, koji pada krajem avgusta ili početkom septembra po gregorijanskom kalendaru.[19][20]
| Krišna | |
|---|---|
Bog zaštite, saosećanja, nežnosti i ljubavi;[1] Jogešvara – gospodar joge ili jogija;[2][3] parabrahman, Svajam Bagavan (krišnizam-višnuizam) | |
| Pripadnik Dašavatar | |
 Statua Krišne u Šri Marijaman hramu, Singapur. | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Ime u devanagari | कृष्ण |
| Sanskritska transliteracija | Kṛṣṇa |
| Mesto rođenja | Matura, Sarasena (današnji Utar Pradeš, Indija)[4] |
| Mesto smrti | Balka, Sauraštra (današni Veraval, Gujarat, Indija)[5] |
| Porodica | |
| Supružnici | [note 1] |
| Deca | [note 2] |
| Dinastija | Jaduvanši-Čandravanši |
| Mitologija | |
| Pripadnost |
|
| Mantra | Hare Krišna |
| Oružje | |
| Bitke | Kurukšetranski rat |
| Planina | Garuda |
Anegdote i priče o Krišninom životu uglavnom se nazivaju Krišna Lila. On je centralni lik u Mahabharati, Bagavata Purani, Brahma Vajvarta Purani i Bagavad Giti, i pominje se u mnogim hinduističkim filozofskim, teološkim i mitološkim tekstovima.[21] Oni ga prikazuju u različitim perspektivama: kao bogodete, šaljivdžiju, uzornog ljubavnika, božanskog junaka i univerzalno vrhovno biće.[22] Njegova ikonografija odražava ove legende i prikazuje ga u različitim fazama njegovog života, kao što je dete koje jede puter, dečak koji svira flautu, dečak sa Radom ili okružen poklonicama; ili prijateljski kočijaš koji daje savete Ardžuni.[23]
Ime i sinonimi Krišne se nalaze u književnosti i kultovima iz 1. milenijuma pre nove ere.[24] U nekim pod-tradicijama, Krišna se obožava kao Svajam Bagavan (Vrhovni Bog), a ponekad je poznat i kao krišnizam. Ove podtradicije su nastale u kontekstu Bakti pokreta srednjeg veka.[25][26] Literatura vezana za Krišnu inspirisala je brojne predstave kao što su ples Baratanatijam, Katakali, Kučipudi, Odisi i Manipuri.[27][28] On je panhinduski bog, ali je posebno poštovan na nekim lokacijama, kao što su Vrindavan u Utar Pradešu,[29] Dvarka i Džunagad u Gudžaratu; Džaganata aspekt u Odiši, Majapuru u Zapadnom Bengalu;[25][30][31] u obliku Vitobe u Pandarpuru, Maharaštri, Šrinatdži u Natdvari u Radžastanu,[25][32] Udupi Krišni u Karnataki,[33] Partasarati u Tamil Nadu, Partasarati u Aranmuli, Kerali i Guruvajorapanu u Guruvajoru u Kerali.[34] Od 1960-ih, obožavanje Krišne se takođe proširilo na zapadni svet i Afriku, uglavnom zahvaljujući radu Međunarodnog društva za svest o Krišni (ISKCON).[35]
Vidi još uredi
Napomene uredi
- ^ Radha is seen as Krishna's lover-consort. On the other hand, Rukmini and others are married to him. Krishna had eight chief wives, who were referred to as the Ashtabharya. The regional texts vary in the identity of Krishna's wife (consort), some presenting it as Rukmini, some as Radha, all gopis, and some identifying all to be different aspects or manifestation of Devi Lakshmi.[6][7]
- ^ Number of Krishna's children varies from one interpretation to another. According to some scriptures like the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna had 10 children from each of his wives (16,008 wives and 160,080 children)[9]
Reference uredi
- ^ Bryant & Ekstrand 2004, str. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p. 24) Krishna as the God of Love".
- ^ Swami Sivananda (1964). Sri Krishna. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. str. 4.
- ^ „Krishna the Yogeshwara”. The Hindu. 12. 9. 2014.
- ^ Raychaudhuri 1972, str. 124
- ^ Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony. str. 380—381. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0., Quote: "Krishna was shot through the foot, hand, and heart by the single arrow of a hunter named Jara. Krishna was reclining there, so they say, and Jara mistook his reddish foot for a deer and released his arrow. There Krishna died."
- ^ a b John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. str. 12. ISBN 978-0-89581-102-8.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 443.
- ^ Naravane, Vishwanath S. (1987). A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina (na jeziku: engleski). Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House.
- ^ Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1950). A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism (na jeziku: engleski). Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-2506-2.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 114.
- ^ K. Klostermaier (1997). The Charles Strong Trust Lectures, 1972–1984. Crotty, Robert B. Brill Academic Pub. str. 109. ISBN 978-90-04-07863-5. „(...) After attaining to fame eternal, he again took up his real nature as Brahman. The most important among Visnu's avataras is undoubtedly Krsna, the black one, also called Syama. For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself.”
- ^ "Krishna". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ a b „Krishna”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26. 6. 2023.
- ^ Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1993). Ineffability: The Failure of Words in Philosophy and Religion
. State University of New York Press. str. 166. ISBN 978-0-7914-1347-0.
- ^ Edwin Bryant & Maria Ekstrand 2004, str. 21–24.
- ^ Edwin Bryant & Maria Ekstrand 2004, str. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p.24) Krishna as the God of Love".
- ^ „Krishna Hindu deity”. Britannica. 26. 6. 2023. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ „Krishna”. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 22. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ „Krishna”. World History Encyclopedia.
- ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M . The Rosen Publishing Group. str. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
- ^ Richard Thompson, Ph.D. (decembar 1994). „Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism”. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 1. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2008.
- ^ Mahony, W. K. (1987). „Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities”. History of Religions. 26 (3): 333—335. JSTOR 1062381. S2CID 164194548. doi:10.1086/463085. Quote: "Krsna's various appearances as a divine hero, alluring god child, cosmic prankster, perfect lover, and universal supreme being (...)".
- ^ Knott 2000, str. 15, 36, 56
- ^ Hein, Norvin (1986). „A Revolution in Kṛṣṇaism: The Cult of Gopāla”. History of Religions. 25 (4): 296—317. JSTOR 1062622. S2CID 162049250. doi:10.1086/463051.
- ^ a b v Hardy 1987, str. 387–392.
- ^ Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231149990. str. 185–200.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 118.
- ^ ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, ISBN 978-8170172215. str. 98–99.
- ^ Hawley 2020.
- ^ Miśra 2005.
- ^ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-Clio. str. 330—331. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0.
- ^ Cynthia Packert (2010). The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion. Indiana University Press. str. 5, 70—71, 181—187. ISBN 978-0-253-22198-8.
- ^ Bryant 2007, str. 3.
- ^ Lavanya Vemsani (2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. str. 112—113. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
- ^ Selengut, Charles (1996). „Charisma and Religious Innovation:Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON”. ISKCON Communications Journal. 4 (2). Arhivirano iz originala 10. 7. 2012. g.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- The Legends of Krishna, W. Crooke (1900), Folklore
- Bathing in Krishna: A Study in Vaiṣṇava Hindu Theology, Dennis Hudson (1980), The Harvard Theological Review