Моби Дик

Za drugu upotrebu, pogledajte stranicu Mobi Dik (muzička grupa).

Mobi Dik (engl. Moby-Dick; или The Whale) je roman američkog pisca Hermana Melvila, izdat u u tri toma oktobra 1851. godine u Londonu. Knjiga je priča mornara Išmaela o opsesivnoj potrazi Ahaba, kapetana kitolovca Pekuoda, radi osvete Mobi Diku, džinovskom belom kitu koji je na prethodnom putovanju brodom odgrizao Ahabovu nogu kod kolena. Kao doprinos književnosti američke renesanse, Mobi-Dik je objavljen sa mešovitim recenzijama, i bio je komercijalni neuspeh, koji je bio bez tekućeg izdanja u vreme autorove smrti 1891. Njegova reputacija kao „velika američka novela” uspostavljena je tek u 20. veku, posle stogodišnjice rođenja njegovog autora. Vilijam Fokner je izjavio da bi voleo da je on sam napisao ovu knjigu, a D. H. Lorens ju je nazvao „jednom od najčudnijih i najdivnijih knjiga na svetu“ i „najvećom knjigom na svetu ikada napisanom“. Uvodna rečenica romana, „Zovi me Išmael“, jedna je od najpoznatijih u svetskoj književnosti.

Mobi Dik
Naslovna strana prvog izdanja Mobi Dika
Nastanak i sadržaj
Orig. naslov	Moby-Dick
Autor	Herman Melvil
Zemlja	SAD
Jezik	engleski

Roman se bazira na neko autorovo prethodno iskustvo koje je stekao na brodu kitolovcu Akušnetu, za koje se prijavio na njegovom prvom putovanju i gde je proveo neko vreme kao ispomoć s obzirom da nije imao prethodnog iskustva kao mornar i gde je proveo punih 18 meseci tokom 1841. i 1842. godine. Za neke sporedne likove u romanu je bio inspirisan članovima posade sa kojima je boravio na kitolovcu.

Radnja

Ilustracija iz jednog ranog izdanja Mobi Dika

Priča prati Išmaela, mornara koji dolazi u Nju Bedford sa namerom da se prijavi kao deo posade na kitolovcu Pikvod. Te večeri po pristizanju upoznaje harpunisti sa Polinezije sa kojim sledećeg jutra sluša propoved oca Mepla odakle kreću na ostrvo Nantaket odakle isplovljava brod na božićno jutro. Na početku autor opisuje kapetana Ahaba kao velikog i bezbožnog, ali sa druge strane i moralnog i inteligentnog. Dalje opisuje ostale članove posade i raspravlja o cetologiji.

U jednom trenutku kapetan Ahab se pojavljuje na palubu i putovanje najavljuje kao potragu za belim kitom zvanim Mobi Dik koji mu je odgrizao nogu umesto koje sad ima protezu napravljenu od kosti kitove vilice. Objavljuje i da daje zlatnik prikovan za jarbol onome ko prvi ugleda kita. Ahab menja rutu broda i umesto da zaobiđu Rt Horn oni izlaze na otvoreno more. Ubrzo jedan mornar primećuje kita, ali se potraga završava bezuspešno. Kad stižu jugoistočno od rta dobre nade sreću par kitolovaca i Ahab se kod svakog od njih raspituje da li su primetili belog kita. Kako ni ostali brodovi nisu imali sreće oni nastavljaju dalje i usput ubijaju drugog kita i njegovu mast prebacuju u buriće. Nastavljaju dalje ka ekvatoru kad nailaze na nevreme tokom kojeg munja udara i pali jarbol, ali i kvari kompas. Ubrzo nailaze na dva oštećena broda koji su imali susret sa Mobi Dikom. Neki članovi posade posle oluje pokušavaju da odgovore kapetana od daljeg napredovanja, ali on ne odustaje od svoje osvete. Nakon nekoliko dana potrage Ahab ugleda kita i počinje potera. Spuštaju čamce u vodu kad kit prepolovi Ahabov čamac na pola, ali posada uspeva da se spase. Drugog dana potere kit uništava tri čamca, kad strada jedan član posade i upliće se u konopce sa čamaca. Narednog dana Ahab uspeva da pogodi Mobi Dika harpunom, a kit udara u čamac i izbacuje neke članove posade u more i Išmael koji nije bio u stanju da se vrati na brod ostaje sam na moru. Kit svom silinom udara u Pekuod i oštećuje ga. Tad Ahab uspeva po drugi put da pogodi kita harpunom, ali se uže sa harpuna zapetljava sa Ahabom i povlači ga u vodu zajedno sa kitom. Brod tone, a Išmael shvata da je jedini preživeli sa broda. Ceo dan i celu noc je plutao na krhotinama broda dok nije naišao drugi brot koji je i dalje tražio svoje mornare i spasio ga.

Pozadina

Mobi Dik, ilustracija iz 1902.

Dva događaja su uticala na nastanak ovog romana. Jedan je potonuće broda kitolovca „Eseks“ sa Nantaketa 1820. godine, uništenog od strane kita ulješure. Jedan od 8 preživelih članova posade je sledeće godine napisao knjigu o tome. Drugi događaj je ulov ogromnog belog (albino) kita ulješure krajem 1830-ih u vodama čileanskog ostrva Moča. Taj kit, nazvan Moča Dik, preživeo je mnogo pokušaja lova i velikom silinom je napadao brodove. Preko 100 puta se borio sa kitolovcima. O njemu je pisano u njujorškim novinama.

Izdanja

• Melville, H. The Whale. London: Richard Bentley, 1851 3 vols. (viii, 312; iv, 303; iv, 328 pp.) Published October 18, 1851.
• Melville, H., Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1851. xxiii, 635 pages. Published probably on November 14, 1851.
• Melville, H., Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. Edited by Luther S. Mansfield and Howard P. Vincent. New York: Hendricks House, 1952. Includes a 25-page Introduction and over 250 pages of Explanatory Notes with an Index.
• Melville, H., Moby-Dick; or, The Whale: An Authoritative Text, Reviews and Letters by Melville, Analogues and Sources, Criticism. A Norton Critical Edition. Edited by Harrison Hayford and Hershel Parker. New York: W.W. Norton. 1967. ISBN 039309670X.
• Melville, H. Moby-Dick, or The Whale. Northwestern-Newberry Edition of the Writings of Herman Melville 6. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern U. Press, 1988. A critical text with appendices on the history and reception of the book. The text is in the public domain.
• Moby-Dick. A Norton Critical Edition. Parker, Hershel, and Harrison Hayford (eds). Second Edition, New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393972832
• Moby-Dick: A Longman Critical Edition, Edited by John Bryant and Haskell Springer. New York: Longman, 2007 and . 2009. ISBN 978-0-321-22800-0.
• Moby-Dick: An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism., Hershel Parker, ed. ( W. W. Norton and Company, 2018). ISBN 9780393285000.

Literatura

• Abrams, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Seventh Edition. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 9780155054523
• Arvin, Newton. (1950). "The Whale." Excerpt from Newton Arvin, Herman Melville (New York: William Sloane Associates, Inc., 1950), in Parker and Hayford (1970).
• Bercaw, Mary K. (1987). Melville's Sources. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0734-1
• Berthoff, Warner. (1962). The Example of Melville. Reprinted 1972, New York: W.W. Norton.
• Bezanson, Walter E. (1953). 'Moby-Dick: Work of Art.' Reprinted in Parker and Hayford (2001).
• --- . (1986). "Moby-Dick: Document, Drama, Dream." In Bryant 1986.
• Branch, Watson G. (1974). Melville: The Critical Heritage. First edition 1974. Paperback edition 1985, London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0710205139
• Bryant, John (ed.). (1986). A Companion to Melville Studies. Greenport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313238741
• --- . (1998). "Moby-Dick as Revolution." In Levine 1998.
• --- . (2006). "The Melville Text." In Kelley 2006.
• ---, and Haskell Springer. (2007). "Introduction," "Explanatory Notes" and "The Making of Moby-Dick." In John Bryant and Haskell Springer (eds), Herman Melville, Moby-Dick. New York Boston: Pearson Longman (A Longman Critical Edition). ISBN 0321228006.
• Buell, Lawrence (2014), The Dream of the Great American Novel, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674051157 
• Cotkin, George (2012). Dive Deeper: Journeys with Moby-Dick. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199855735.  Chapter by chapter explication of the text and references.
• * Delbanco, Andrew (2005). Melville, His World and Work. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40314-9. OCLC 845847813. 
• Faulkner, William. (1927). "[I Wish I Had Written That.]" Originally in the Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1927. Reprinted in Parker & Hayford (2001), 640.
• Forster, E.M. (1927). '. Reprinted Middlesex: Penguin Books . Forster, E. M. (1972). Aspects of the Novel. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0140205578. 
• Gale, Robert L. (1972), Plots and Characters in the Fiction and Narrative Poetry of Herman Melville, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press 
• Grey, Robin. (2006). "The Legacy of Britain." In Kelley (2006).
• Hayford, Harrison. (1988). "Historical Note Section V." In Melville (1988).
• Heflin, Wilson. (2004). Herman Melville's Whaling Years. Edited by Mary K. Bercaw Edwards and Thomas Farel Heffernan. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
• Howard, Leon (1940). "Melville's Struggle with the Angel." Modern Language Quarterly, Vol. 1 (June 1940). Reprinted in Hershel Parker (ed.), The Recognition of Herman Melville. Selected Criticism Since 1846. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967. Paperback edition 1970.
• Kelley, Wyn (ed.). (2006). A Companion to Herman Melville. Malden, MA, Oxford, UK, and Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781405122313
• Lawrence, D.H. (1923). Studies in Classic American Literature. Reprinted London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140183771
• Lee, Maurice S. (2006), „The Language of Moby-Dick: "Read It If You Can"”, Ur.: Kelley, Wyn, A Companion to Herman Melville, Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell, str. 393—407, ISBN 1405122315 
• Levine, Robert S. (1998). The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55571-X
• Matthiessen, F.O. (1941), American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman, New York, London and Toronto: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199726882 .
• Melville, Herman (1988), Moby-Dick; or, the Whale, The Writings of Herman Melville, Six, Edited by Harrison Hayford, Hershel Parker, and G. Thomas Tanselle, Evanston; Chicago: Northwestern University Press and the Newberry Library, ISBN 0810103249 
• --- .(1993). Correspondence. The Writings of Herman Melville Volume Fourteen. Edited by Lynn Horth. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press and The Newberry Library. ISBN 9780810109957
• Milder, Robert. (1977). The Composition of Moby-Dick: A Review and a Prospect." ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance.
• --- . (1988). "Herman Melville." In Emory Elliott (General Editor), Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05812-8
• Miller, Edwin Haviland. (1991). Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-332-2
• Olson, Charles. (1947, 2015) Call Me Ishmael, Eastford, Connecticut: Martino Publishing. ISBN 1614279071.
• Olsen-Smith, Steven. (2008). [Review of Bryant and Springer 2007]. Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies, June 2008, 96–9.
• Parker, Hershel. (1988). "Historical Note Section VII." In Melville (1988).
• ---, and Harrison Hayford (eds.). (1970). Moby-Dick as Doubloon. Essays and Extracts (1851-1970). New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 1970.
• ---, and Harrison Hayford (eds). (2001). Herman Melville, Moby-Dick. A Norton Critical Edition. Second Edition, New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393972832
• --- . (2002). Herman Melville: A Biography. Volume 2, 1851-1891. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801868920
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2000). In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. New York: Viking. ISBN 0670891576. 
• Rampersad, Arnold (1997). "Shadow and Veil: Melville and Modern Black Consciousness." Melville's Evermoving Dawn: Centennial Essays. Edited by John Bryant and Robert Milder. Kent, Ohia, and London, England: The Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-562-4
• --- . (2007). Ralph Ellison: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375408274
• Robertson-Lorant, Laurie. (1996). Melville. A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potters/ Publishers. ISBN 0517593149
• Tanselle, G. Thomas. (1988). "Historical Note Section VI", "Note on the Text", and "The Hubbard Copy of The Whale". In Melville (1988).
• Vincent, Howard P. (1949). The Trying-Out of Moby-Dick. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Wright, Nathalia. (1940). "Biblical Allusion in Melville's Prose." American Literature, May 1940, 185–199.
• --- . (1949). Melville's Use of the Bible. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.

Spoljašnje veze

• Mobi Dik na Projektu Gutenberg
• Mobi Dik na sajtu Standard Ebooks
• Moby Dick public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• The Moby-Dick "Big Read", "an online version of Melville's magisterial tome: each of its 135 chapters read out aloud, by a mixture of the celebrated and the unknown"
• Side-by-side versions of the British and American 1851 first editions of Moby-Dick Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (17. jun 2020) at the Melville Electronic Library, with differences highlighted
• Moby Dick or The Whale illustrations by Rockwell Kent for the 1930 Lakeside Press edition
• Guide to the Hank Scotch Moby Dick Comic Books Collection 2008 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
• Melville's Marginalia Online A virtual archive of books Melville owned or borrowed and a digital edition of books he marked and annotated.
• "Melville's “Moby-Dick”: Shifts in Narrative Voice and Literary Genres" lesson plan for grades 9–12.
• Power Moby Dick
• How to read Melville's Moby Dick (guide for first time readers)
• American Icons: Moby-Dick, a Peabody Award–winning episode of Studio 360 that examines the influence of Moby-Dick on contemporary American culture

Filmske adaptacije

• • Morska zver na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) (1926)
  • Mobi Dik na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) (1930)
  • Mobi Dik na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) (1956)
  • Mobi Dik na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) (1978)
  • Mobi Dik na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) (1998)