Pragmatizam
Pragmatizam (pragma = delo, delovanje, rad, čin i slično) je filozofski pravac koji potencira odnose između teorije i prakse. Ovaj pravac je nastao u Americi krajem 19. veka, a njegovi predstavnici su Džon Djui, Čarls Pirs i Vilijam Džejms.[1] Pragmatici smatraju da nastavak iskustva, kao i njegova priroda, dolaze kao rezultat ranije preduzete „akcije“ s ciljem da ista postane početna tačka za razmišljanje. Samo iskustvo nastaje uzajmnim procesom transakcije organizma i okoline u kojem se subjekat i predmet nadograđuju. Pragmatično saznanje se vodi interesima i vrijednostima. Budući da je stvarnost predmeta nemoguće spoznati bez iskustva, istinske tvrdnje je jedino moguće potvrditi kroz ispunjavanje određenih eksperimentalnih uslova.
Pragmatizam izražava veru u modernu tehnologiju i on je izraz industrijske civilizacije savremenog društva. Pragmatizam uči da cilj „filozofiranja“ mora biti praktična korist. Ova ideja se nalazi svuda pa i u religiji i može se lako izraziti ovim temeljnim učenjem:
- Bolji je gram iskustva, nego tovar teorija.
Ovaj filozofski pravac smatra da su ideje dobre samo kao plan delovanja i da imaju vrednost prema učinku - prema koristi. Kada se ideje slažu sa stvarnošću pomažu nam da se lakše snalazimo, prilagodimo. Za pragmatiste, istinita je ona ideja koja je korisna. Kritike pragmatizma su slične kritikama pozitivizma, a one se fokusiraju na jednostavno gledanje ovih pravaca i na zanemarivanje vrednosti teoretskog razmatranja.
Pragmatizam je filozofsko shvatanje prema kome praktična korist i delovanje predstavljaju osnovni kriterijum za procenjivanje da li su saznajni iskazi smisleni i istiniti. Na njegov razvoj uticali su pozitivizam, engleski empirizam i utilitarizam. Može se smatrati jednom modifikacijom verifikacionizma.
Sama reč vodi porijeklo od grčke reči pragma (delo, delovanje, čin). Pojam korisno upotrebljava se u pragmatizmu različito: ponekad u smislu pojedinačne, ali češće u smislu opšte društvene koristi ili dobra.
Pragmatistički metod rešava teoretske sporove tako što iz razmatranih stavova izvodi praktične posledice, a zatim prihvata one stavove čije su posledice korisnije ili prihvatljivije. Ako neki stavovi ne proizvode nikakve praktične posledice, oni se odbacuju kao besmisleni.
Za razliku od pozitivista, pragmatisti ne odbacuju metafiziku u potpunosti, jer prihvataju sva verovanja koja imaju korisne posledice, bez obzira da li su metafizička ili nisu. Iz takvog stava proizilazi tolerantan odnos prema različitim naučnim, moralnim, religioznim i političkim pitanjima. U skladu s tim, oni se razlikuju od pozitivista i po tome što smatraju da i vrednosti mogu biti predmet saznanja i da sama naučna saznanja zavise od društvenih vrednosti. S druge strane, slično pozitivistima, oni pridaju presudan značaj nauci u društvenom životu, ali se od njih razlikuju po tome što istinitost i smisaonost saznajnih iskaza određuju na osnovu društvene koristi, a ne isključivo na osnovu čisto naučne proverljivosti.
Poreklo uredi
Pragmatizam kao filozofski pokret započeo je u SAD-u oko 1870. godine. Čarls Sanders Pirs (i njegova pragmatička maksima) smatra se odgovornim za razvoj pragmatizma, uz 20-ovekovne filozofe Vilijama Džejmsa i Džona Djuia.
Prva pisana upotreba termina nastala je od strane Vilijama Džejmsa 1898. godine, koji je odao priznanje Pirsu kao misliocu koji je skovao termin tokom ranih 1870-ih. Džejms je smatrao da osnovu pragmatizma predstavlja Pirsova edicija "Ilustracije logike nauke" (uključujući "Kako učiniti naše ideje jasnim" (1877)).
Lista pragmatista uredi
Klasični pragmatisti uredi
Analitički, neo- i drugi pragmatisti uredi
- Richard J. Bernstein
- F. Thomas Burke
- Arthur Fine
- Stanley Fish
- Robert Brandom
- Klarens Irving Luis
- Joseph Margolis
- Hilari Patnam
- Ričard Rorti
- John J. Stuhr
- Vilard Van Orman Kvajn
- Mike Sandbothe
- Richard Shusterman
- Jason Stanley
- Robert B. Talisse
- Stephen Toulmin
- Roberto Unger
- Sidney Hook
- Isaac Levi
- Susan Haack
- Nicholas Rescher
Pragmatisti u širem smislu uredi
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Peirce, C.S. (1878), "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, 286–302. Reprinted often, including Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and Essential Peirce v. 1, 124–141. See end of §II for the pragmatic maxim. See third and fourth paragraphs in §IV for the discoverability of truth and the real by sufficient investigation.
Literatura uredi
- Baldwin, James Mark (ed., 1901–1905), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 3 volumes in 4, Macmillan, New York, NY.
- Dewey, John (1900–1901), Lectures on Ethics 1900–1901, Donald F. Koch (ed.), Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL, 1991.
- Dewey, John (1910), How We Think, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1910. Reprinted, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1991.
- Dewey, John (1929), The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, Minton, Balch, and Company, New York, NY. Reprinted, pp. 1–254 in John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925–1953, Volume 4: 1929, Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), Harriet Furst Simon (text. ed.), Stephen Toulmin (intro.), Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL, 1984.
- Dewey, John (1932), Theory of the Moral Life, Part 2 of John Dewey and James H. Tufts, Ethics, Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY, 1908. 2nd edition, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1932. Reprinted, Arnold Isenberg (ed.), Victor Kestenbaum (pref.), Irvington Publishers, New York, NY, 1980.
- Dewey, John (1938), Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY, 1938. Reprinted, pp. 1–527 in John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925–1953, Volume 12: 1938, Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), Kathleen Poulos (text. ed.), Ernest Nagel (intro.), Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL, 1986.
- James, William (1902), "Pragmatic and Pragmatism", 1 paragraph, vol. 2, pp. 321–322 in J.M. Baldwin (ed., 1901–1905), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 3 volumes in 4, Macmillan, New York, NY. Reprinted, CP 5.2 in C.S. Peirce, Collected Papers.
- James, William (1907), Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Popular Lectures on Philosophy, Longmans, Green, and Company, New York, NY.
- James, William (1909), The Meaning of Truth, A Sequel to 'Pragmatism, Longmans, Green, and Company, New York, NY.
- Lundin, Roger (2006) From Nature to Experience: The American Search for Cultural Authority Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Peirce, C.S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.), vols. 7–8, Arthur W. Burks (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931–1935, 1958. Cited as CP vol.para.
- Peirce, C.S., The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867–1893), Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 1992.
- Peirce, C.S., The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913), Peirce Edition Project (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 1998.
- Putnam, Hilary (1994), Words and Life, James Conant (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Quine, W.V. (1951), "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", Philosophical Review (January 1951). Reprinted, pp. 20–46 in W.V. Quine, From a Logical Point of View, 1980.
- Quine, W.V. (1980), From a Logical Point of View, Logico-Philosophical Essays, 2nd edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980.
- Ramsey, F.P. (1927), "Facts and Propositions", Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 7, 153–170. Reprinted, pp. 34–51 in F.P. Ramsey, Philosophical Papers, David Hugh Mellor (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.
- Ramsey, F.P. (1990), Philosophical Papers, David Hugh Mellor (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Rescher, N. (1977), Methodological Pragmatism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1977.
- Rescher, N. (2000), Realistic Pragmatism, Albany, SUNY Press, 2000.
Dalje čitanje uredi
Istraživanja uredi
- John J. Stuhr, ed. One Hundred Years of Pragmatism: William James's Revolutionary Philosophy (Indiana University Press; 2010) 215 pages; Essays on pragmatism and American culture, pragmatism as a way of thinking and settling disputes, pragmatism as a theory of truth, and pragmatism as a mood, attitude, or temperament.
Važni uvodni primarni tekstovi uredi
- C.S. Peirce, "The Fixation of Belief"
- C.S. Peirce, "How to Make Our Ideas Clear"
- C.S. Peirce, "A Definition of Pragmatism" (tekst imenovan od Menand u Pragmatism: A Reader, iz Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce v. 8, neki ili svi paragrafi 191–195.)
- William James, Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (posebno predavanja I, II and VI)
- John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy
- John Dewey, "Three Independent factors in Morals" (predavanje objavljeno kao članak)
- John Dewey, "A short catechism concerning truth" (poglavlje)
- W.V.O. Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism".
Sekundarni tekstovi uredi
- Cornelis De Waal, On Pragmatism
- Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
- Hilary Putnam, Pragmatism: An Open Question
- Abraham Edel, Pragmatic Tests and Ethical Insights
- D.S. Clarke, Rational Acceptance and Purpose
- Haack, Susan & Lane, Robert, Eds. (2006). Pragmatism Old and New: Selected Writings. New York: Prometheus Books.
- Louis Menand, ed., Pragmatism: A Reader (includes essays by Peirce, James, Dewey, Rorty, others)
- For a discussion of the ways in which pragmatism offers insights into the theory and practice of urbanism, see: Aseem Inam, Designing Urban Transformation New York and London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0415837705.
Kritički tekstovi uredi
- Edward W. Younkins, Dewey's Pragmatism and the Decline of Education.
- Pragmatism, Ayn Rand Lexicon.
- Albert Schinz, Anti-Pragmatism: An Examination into the Respective Rights of Intellectual Aristocracy and Social Democracy. Boston: Small, Maynard and Company, 1909
Dodatna bibliografija uredi
- IEP – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- SEP – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- James Sloan Allen. William James on Habit, Will, Truth, and the Meaning of Life. 2014.
- Elizabeth Anderson. Dewey's Moral Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Douglas Browning, William T. Myers (Eds.) Philosophers of Process. 1998.
- Robert Burch. Charles Sanders Peirce. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- F. Thomas Burke. What Pragmatism Was[mrtva veza]. 2013.
- John Dewey. Donald F. Koch (ed.) Lectures on Ethics 1900–1901. 1991.
- Daniel Dennett. Postmodernism and Truth. 1998.
- John Dewey. The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action. 1929.
- John Dewey. Three Independent Factors in Morals. 1930.
- John Dewey. The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays. 1910.
- John Dewey. Experience & Education. 1938.
- Cornelis De Waal. On Pragmatism. 2005.
- Raff Donelson. "Ethical Pragmatism". Metaphilosophy 48(4): 383-403. 2017.
- Abraham Edel. Pragmatic Tests and Ethical Insights. In: Ethics at the Crossroads: Normative Ethics and Objective Reason. George F. McLean, Richard Wollak (eds.) 1993.
- Michael Eldridge. Transforming Experience: John Dewey's Cultural Instrumentalism. 1998.
- Lorenzo Fabbri. The domestication of Derrida: Rorty, pragmatism and deconstruction. 2008
- Richard Field. John Dewey (1859-1952). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Peter H. Hare, Michel Weber, James K. Swindler, Oana-Maria Pastae, Cerasel Cuteanu (eds.), International Perspectives on Pragmatism, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009 (ISBN 978-1-4438-0194-2).
- David L. Hildebrand. Beyond Realism & Anti-Realism. 2003.
- David L. Hildebrand. The Neopragmatist Turn. Southwest Philosophy Review 19(1). 2003.
- William James. Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Popular Lectures on Philosophy. 1907.
- William James The Will to Believe. 1896.
- George Lakoff and Mark Johnson.Philosophy in the Flesh : The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 1999.
- Todd Lekan. Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory. 2003.
- C.I. Lewis. Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge. 1929.
- David Macarthur. "Pragmatism, Metaphysical Quietism and the Problem of Normativity," Philosophical Topics Vol. 36 no.1, 2009.
- Keya Maitra. On Putnam. 2003.
- Joseph Margolis. Historied Thought, Constructed World. 1995.
- Louis Menand. The Metaphysical Club. 2001.
- Cheryl Misak (ed.) The New Pragmatists. Oxford University Press, 2007
- Hilary Putnam Reason, Truth and History. 1981.
- W.V.O. Quine. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Philosophical Review. January 1951.
- W.V.O. Quine Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. 1969.
- N. Rescher. Process Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Richard Rorty Rorty Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers. Volume 3. 1998.
- Stephen Toulmin. The Uses of Argument. 1958.
- Michel Weber (ed.), After Whitehead: Rescher on Process Metaphysics, Frankfurt / Paris / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, 2004 (ISBN 3-937202-49-8).
- Michel Weber, Whitehead's Pancreativism. Jamesian Applications, Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2011.
- William Egginton/Mike Sandbothe (Eds.) The Pragmatic Turn in Philosophy. Contemporary Engagement between Analytic and Continental Thought. 2004.
- Mike Sandbothe. Pragmatic Media Philosophy. 2005.
- Gary A. Olson and Stephen Toulmin. Literary Theory, Philosophy of Science, and Persuasive Discourse: Thoughts from a Neo-premodernist. Interview in JAC 13.2. 1993.
- Susan Haack. "Vulgar Rortyism". Review in The New Criterion. November 1997.
- Pietarinen, A.V. "Interdisciplinarity and Peirce's classification of the Sciences: A Centennial Reassessment," Perspectives on Science, 14(2), 127–152 (2006).
Spoljašnje veze uredi
Opšti izvori uredi
- Pragmatism na PhilPapers
- Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Pragmatism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- "Pragmatism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Pragmatism[mrtva veza] na Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- Pragmatism na In Our Time BBC
- A short film about the pragmatist revival na YouTube
Časoipisi i organizacije uredi
Časopisi posvećeni pragmatizmu:
- Contemporary Pragmatism, International Pragmatism Society
- European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, Associazione Culturale Pragma (Italy)
- Nordic Studies in Pragmatism, Nordic Pragmatism Network
- Pragmatism Today, Central European Pragmatist Forum (CEPF)
- Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Charles S. Peirce Society
- William James Studies, William James Society
Drugi onlajn izvori i organizacije uredi
- Pragmatist Sociology
- Pragmatism Cybrary
- Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (6. februar 2010)
- Center for Dewey Studies
- Centro de Estudos sobre Pragmatismo (CEP) — Center for Pragmatism Studies (CPS) (Brazil)
- Charles S. Peirce Studies
- Dutch Pragmatism Foundation
- Helsinki Peirce Research Center (Finland)
- Institute for American Thought
- John Dewey Society
- Neopragmatism.org
- Peirce Edition Project
- Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy