Svetska istorija

Istorija sveta je u zajedničkom govoru istorija čovečanstva (ili ljudska istorija), koja je utvrđena pomoću arheologije, antropologije, genetike, lingvistike i drugih disciplina; a za periode od pronalaska pisanja, i iz zapisane istorije i iz sekundarnih izvora i studija.

Svetska populacija, 10.000. p. n. e. – 2.000. p. n. e. (vertikalna populaciona skala je logaritamska)

Pisanoj istoriji čovečanstva prethodila je praistorija, počevši sa paleolitskom erom („ranim kamenim dobom”), čemu je sledila neolitska era („novo kameno doba”). Tokom neolita je došlo do poljoprivredne revolucije, između 8.000 i 5.000 p. n. e., na bliskoistočnom Plodnom polumesecu. Tokom tog perioda, ljudi su započeli da sistematski uzgajaju biljke i životinje. Kako je poljoprivreda napredovala, većina ljudi je prešla iz nomadskog na naseljenički načina života kao farmeri u stalnim naseljima. Relativna sigurnost i povećana produktivnost koju je pružala poljoprivreda dozvoljavaju zajednicama da se proširuju u sve veće jedinice, pospešene naprecima u transportu.

Bilo u praistorijskim ili istorijskim vremenima, ljudi su uvek morali biti blizu pouzdanih izvora pitke vode. Naselja su se razvijala na rečnim obalama još pre 3.000. p. n. e. u Mesopotamiji, na obalama egipatske reke Nil, u dolini reke Ind, i duž kineskih reka. Kako se razvijala poljoprivreda, uzgoj žitarica je postao sofistikovaniji i došlo je do podele rada radi čuvanja hrane između uzgojnih sezona. Podele rada su dovele do nastanka besposlene više klase i razvoja gradova, koji su pružili osnovu razvoja civilizacije. Rastuća kompleksnost ljudskih društva uslovila je razvoj sistema računovodstva i pisanja.

Sa procvatom civilizacija, drevna istorija („kasna antika”, uključujući klasično doba, sve do oko 500. godine) je osvedočila uspone i padove carstava. Tokom postklasične istorije („srednji vek”, c. 500–1.500 godine) došlo je do razvoja hrišćanstva, islamskog zlatnog doba (c. 750 – c. 1.258), i rane italijanske renesanse (od oko 1.300 godine). Izum modernog štampanja sredinom 15. veka, sa primenom pokretnih kalupa, je proizveo revolucionarne primene u komunikaciji i olakšao sve širu diseminaciju informacija, pomažući okončanju srednjeg veka i uspostavljanju naučne revolucije. Rani novi vek, koji je ponekad naziva „Evropskim dobom”, od oko 1500 do 1800, obuhvata prosvetiteljstvo i doba otkrića. Do 18. veka, akumulacija znanja i tehnologije dosegla je kritičnu masu što je dovelo do industrijske revolucije i početka kasnog modernog perioda, koji je započeo oko 1800 i traje do današnjeg dana.

Ova shema istorijske periodizacije (podele istorije u antiku, post-klasični, rani moderni, i kasni moderni period) je bila razvijena za, i najbolje primenjena na istoriju Starog sveta, posebno Evrope i Mediterana. Izvan ovog regiona, uključujući drevnu Kinu i drevnu Indiju, istorijska hronologija se drugačije odvijala. Međutim, do 18. veka, usled ekstenzivne svetske trgovine i kolonizacija, istorije većine civilizacija su postale znatno isprepletane. U zadnjoj četvrtini milenijuma, stope rasta populacije, znanja, tehnologije, komunikacija, trgovine, oružja za masovno uništenje, i degradacije životne sredine su se znatno ubrzale, čime su kreirane mogućnosti i opasnosti sa kojima se u današnje vreme suočavaju ljudske zajednice širom planete.

Vidi još

• Istoriografija
• Istorija nauke
• Spisak milenijuma

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Spoljašnje veze

• Crash Course World History
• British Museum – A History of the World (archived).
• Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book. (archived).