Subramanijan Čandrasekar

Padma Subramanijan Čandrasekar (engl. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; Lahor, 19. oktobar 1910 — Čikago, 21. avgust 1995) bio je indijsko-američki astrofizičar. Radio je u više polja, kao što su struktura zvezda, teorija belih patuljaka, dinamika zvezda, crne rupe i još mnogo. Radio je na univerzitetu u Čikagu do svoje smrti 1995. a takođe je pisao člankove za jedan od tadašnjih časopisa astrofizike. Sa Vilijamom Folverom dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1983. godine, za rad na teoriji građe i evolucije zvezda. Čandrasekarova granica dobila je ime po ovom naučniku.

Padma Subramanijan Čandrasekar
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1910-10-19)19. oktobar 1910.
Mesto rođenja	Lahor, Britanska Indija, danas Pakistan
Datum smrti	21. avgust 1995.(1995-08-21) (84 god.)
Mesto smrti	Čikago, Ilinois, SAD
Obrazovanje	Triniti koledž, Univerzitet u Madrasu, Presidency College
Naučni rad
Polje	astrofizika
Institucija	Univerzitet u Čikagu Univerzitet u Kembridžu
Poznat po	Čandrasekarova granica
Nagrade	Nobelova nagrada za fiziku (1983)

Karijera

U januaru 1937, Čandrasekar se zaposlio na Univerzitetu u Čikagu kao asistent a kasnije je postao profesor teorijske astrofizike. Na univerzitetu je ostao ceo svoj život, i odbijao bilo kakve ponude drugih univerziteta. Radio je na opservatoriji pri univerzitetu, a posle izgradnje laboratorije za astrofiziku i svemirska istraživanja, prešao je tamo.

Za vreme Drugog svetskog rata radio je u Merilendu u centru za balistička istraživanja. Robert Openhajmer pozvao ga je da učestvuje u projektu Menhetn ali je Čandrasekar bio sprečen.

Jednom prilikom Čandrasekar je napisao da ga je želja da učestvuje u doprinošenju nauci navela da odradi svoja naučna istraživanja i da sve od sebe. Takođe je rekao da je sistematizacija vrlo važna u naučnim istraživanjima: "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that."

Čandrasekar je proučavao različite oblasti astronomije u različitim vremenskim intervalima. Proučavao bi jednu oblast, izdao nekoliko papira o tome, zatim napisao knjigu o onome što je proučavao, i onda prešao na sledeću oblast i ponovio postupak. Ovako je od 1929. do 1939. godine proučavao strukturu i građu zvezda i teoriju belih patuljaka a od 1939. do 1943. dinamiku zvezda. U periodu od 1971. do 1983. radio je na matematičkoj teoriji crnih rupa i konačno, tokom kasnih osamdesetih radio je na teoriji sudara gravitacionih talasa.

Ateizam

Čandrasekar se prilikom jedne javne rasprave razjasnio kao ateista:

I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an atheist.

Ovo je potvrđeno prilikom njegovih drugih javnih govora.

Publikacije

Knjige

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939]. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60413-8. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles of Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-44273-0. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60590-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10084-5. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64071-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-65258-0. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521257466. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10087-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851744-3. 
• Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-0117-5. 

Napomene

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). „Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy”. Reviews of Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1—89. Bibcode:1943RvMP...15....1C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity. Royal Society. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc. IAU Meeting. Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of Sciences. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering. American Philosophical Society. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Noble lecture. Stockholm: Noble Foundation. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco. Unesco Press. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity. University of Chicago. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1973). P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday. Contemporary Physics. Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B., ur. The Works of the Mind:The Scientist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 159—179. OCLC 752682744. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Royal Society. ASIN B001B12NJ8. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity. American Mathematical Society. ASIN B001B10QTM. 

Časopisi

Čandrasekar je objavio oko 380 naučnih radova tokom svog života. On je napisao svoju prvu publikaciju o Komptonovom efektu 1928. godine, dok je još bio student i zadnju publikaciju koja je bila prihvaćena za štampu samo dva meseca pre njegove smrti 1995. godine, koja se bavi neradijalnom oscilacijom zvezda. Izdavačka kuća University of Chicago Press je objavila njegove izabrane radove u sedam tomova.

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100890. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100920. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100944. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100975. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100982. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101019. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101040. 

Knjige i članci o Čandrasekaru

• Miller, Arthur I. (2005). Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34151-1. 
• Srinivasan, G., ur. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76996-7. 
• Penrose, Roger (1996). „Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities” (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213—231. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..213P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.496.2529 . doi:10.1007/BF02702305. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 23. 7. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2019. 
• Parker, E. (1996). „S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics”. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147—166. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..147P. doi:10.1007/BF02702301. Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87054-0. 
• Wali, Kameshwar C., ur. (1997). Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend - Chandra Remembered. London: imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-038-5. 
• Wignesan, T., ur. (2004). The Man who Dwarfed the Stars. The Asianists' Asia. ISSN 1298-0358. 
• Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and His Limit. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-035-3. 
• Sreenivasan, K. R. (2019). „Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics”. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 51: 1—24. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537. Saikia, D J.; et al., ur. (2011). Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2. 
• Kameshwar, C Wali, ur. (2001). A Quest For Perspectives. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86094-201-3. 
• Ramnath, Radhika, ur. (2012). S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science. Harpercollins. ASIN B00C3EWIME. 
• Alic, Kameshwar C (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali, ur. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Bibcode:2010sasc.book.....W. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2. doi:10.1142/7686. 
• Salwi, Dilip, ur. (2004). S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist. Rupa. ISBN 978-8129104915. 
• Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ur. (2017). Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3330317666. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 6 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (2. фебруар 2015)
• Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
• Subramaniam Chandrashekhar
• Bruce Medal page
• Awarding of Bruce Medal: PASP 64 (1952) 55
• Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 17, 18 May 1977 & 31 October 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (7. септембар 2008)