Taj-kadajski jezici
Taj-kadajski, tai-kadai, kra-dai, kra-dajski ili sijamski jezici su jezička grupa od oko 70 jezika u jugoistočnoj Aziji i na jugu Kine. Svi jezici u porodici su tonalni, uključujući tajlandski i laoski, nacionalne jezike Tajlanda i Laosa.[2] Oko 93 miliona ljudi govori Kra-Daj jezike; 60% njih govori tajlandski.[3] Ethnologue navodi 95 jezika u porodici, od kojih su 62 u tajskoj grani.[4]
Kra-daj | |
---|---|
Tai–Kadai, Daic | |
Etnicitet | Dajski narodi |
Geografska rasprostranjenost | Južna Kina, Hajnansko ostrvo, Indokina, i Severna Indija |
Jezička klasifikacija | Jedan od svetskih primarnih jezičkih familija |
Prajezik | Proto-kra–daj |
Podpodela | |
Glotolog | taik1256[1] |
Distribucija taj–kadajske jezičke familije. |
Taj-kadajski jezici čine tri podgrupe:
- hlajski jezici (2 jezika, 800 hiljada govornika)
- kadajski jezici (9 jezika, 95 hiljada govvornika)
- kam-tajski jezici (58 jezika, 82 miliona govornika)
Prve dve podgrupe jezika se sreću na kineskom ostrvu Hajnan.
Imena uredi
Naziv „Kra–Dej“ je predložio Vira Ostapirat (2000), pošto su Kra i Dej rekonstruisani autonimi kra i taj grana respektivno.[5] „Kra–Dej“ je od tada koristila većina stručnjaka koji rade na lingvistici jugoistočne Azije, uključujući Norkvest (2007),[6] Pitajaporn (2009),[7][8] Bakster & Sagart (2014)[9] i Enfild i Komri (2015).[10]
Naziv „Taj–Kadaj“ se koristi u mnogim referencama, kao i u Ethnologue i Glottolog, ali Ostapirat (2000) i drugi sugerišu da je problematično i zbunjujuće, dajući prednost imenu „Kra–Daj“.[5] „Taj–Kadaj“ potiče od zastarele podele porodice na dve grane, Taj i Kadaj, koje je prvi predložio Pol K. Benedikt (1942).[11] Godine 1942. Benedikt je stavio tri Kra jezika (gelaoski, Lakua (kabjaoski) i lački) zajedno sa hlajskim u grupu koju je nazvao „Kadaj”, od ka, što znači „osoba” u gelaoskom i lakuanskom (kabjaoski) i Daj, obliku autonima hlajskog.[11] Benediktova (1942) grupa „Kadaj“ zasnivala se na njegovom zapažanju da krajski i hlajski jezici imaju brojeve slične austronezijskim. Međutim, ova klasifikacija je sada univerzalno odbačena kao zastarela nakon što je Ostapirat (2000) pokazao koherentnost krajskog ogranka, koji se ne svrstava u podgrupu sa hlajskim ogrankom kao što je Benedikt (1942) predložio. „Kadaj“ se ponekad koristi za označavanje cele porodice Kra-Daj, uključujući i Solnitov rad (1988).[12][13][14] Dodatno je zbunjujuće što neke druge reference ograničavaju upotrebu „Kadaja” samo na krajski ogranak porodice.
Naziv „Dejk“ koristi Rodžer Blenč (2008).[15]
Odlike uredi
Taj-kadajski jezici su jezici sa od 3 do 9 različitih melodijskih akcenata. Po pravilu su monosilabički (reči se sastoje iz jednog sloga), i nemaju morfologiju (konjugaciju, dekilnaciju). Red reči je najčešće po pravilu: subjekat-glagol-objekat. Atributi i imeničke odredbe dolaze iza imenica koje opisuju.
Značajniji jezici uredi
Jezici iz ove grupe po broju govornika:
- Tajlandski (46 miliona, jugozapadni tai)
- Isan (sa 20 miliona govornika, isan predstavlja varijantu laoskog jezika koja se govori na Tajlandu)
- Severni žuang (10 miliona, severni tai)
- Lana (6 miliona, jugozapadni tai)
- Pak-tajski (5 miliona, jugozapadni tai)
- Južni žuang (4 miliona, centralni tai)
- Laoski (oko 5 miliona, ne računajući govornike isana, jugozapadni tai)
- Šan (3 miliona, jugozapadni tai)
- Dong (2,4 miliona, kam-sui)
- Buji (2 miliona, severni tai)
Reference uredi
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Tai–Kadai”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). The Tai–Kadai Languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
- ^ „Taikadai”. www.languagesgulper.com. Pristupljeno 2017-10-15.
- ^ „Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree”.
- ^ a b Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.
- ^ Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
- ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University
- ^ Peter Jenks and Pittayawat Pittayaporn. Kra-Dai Languages. Oxford Bibliographies in "Linguistics", Ed. Mark Aranoff. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014), Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
- ^ N. J. Enfield and B. Comrie, Eds. 2015. Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ a b Benedict, Paul K. (1942). „Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia”. American Anthropologist. 44 (4): 576—601. JSTOR 663309. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040 .
- ^ Solnit, David B. 1988. "The position of Lakkia within Kadai." In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 219-238. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vii, 374 p.
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vi, 382 p.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2008. The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. април 2019). Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. (PPT slides)
Литература uredi
- Behr, Wolfgang (2017). „The language of the bronze inscriptions”. Ур.: Shaughnessy, Edward L. Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. стр. 9—32. ISBN 978-9-629-96639-3.
- ——— (2009). „Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ”. TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci": 1—48.
- ——— (2006). „Some Chŭ 楚 words in early Chinese literature”. EACL-4, Budapest: 1—21.
- ——— (2002). „Stray loanword gleanings from two Ancient Chinese fictional texts”. 16e Journées de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques Sur l'Asie Orientale (E.H.E.S.S.), Paris: 1—6.
- Blench, Roger. 2004. Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? Paper for the Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Université de Genève.
- Blench, Roger (2017) [2015]. „Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia” (PDF). Ур.: Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John. Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-493-96521-2.
- Brindley, Erica F. (2015). Ancient China and the Yue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.
- Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
- Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). „The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam” (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James e. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. LTD.: 1—25. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 01. 01. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 28. 04. 2023.
- Holm, David (2014). „A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script”. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 79: 1—45.
- ——— (2013). Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-22369-1.
- Li, Hui (2001). „Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect” (PDF). Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History: 15—26. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 27. 03. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 28. 04. 2023.
- Ostapirat, Weera (2013). „Austro-Tai revisited” (PDF). Plenary Session 2: Going Beyond History: Reassessing Genetic Grouping in SEA the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 29–31, 2013, Chulalongkorn University: 1—10.
- Sagart, Laurent (2008). „The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia”. Ur.: Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie. Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia) 1st Edition. Routledge. str. 133—157. ISBN 978-0-415-39923-4.
- Zhengzhang, Shangfang (1991). „Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue boatman)”. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 20 (2): 159—168. doi:10.3406/clao.1991.1345.
- Chamberlain, James R. (2016). Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam. Journal of the Siam Society, 104, 27-76.
- Diller, A., J. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
- Edmondson, J. A. (1986). Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness.
- Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
- Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. март 2019) Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Norquest, Peter (2021). „Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages”. The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. стр. 225—246. ISBN 9783110558142. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013.
- Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.
- Somsonge Burusphat, & Sinnott, M. (1998). Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. ISBN 974-661-450-9
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Klasifikacija tai-kadai jezika
- Word lists of Tai–Kadai languages from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
- Tai–Kadai word lists by Ilya Peiros (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- StarLing: Tai–Kadai 100-word lists and etymology
- Appendix:Kra–Dai Swadesh lists (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
- Kra–Dai vocabulary lists (from Wiktionary's Vocabulary lists appendix)