Википедија

Hindukuš

Hindukuš (pers. هندوکش, hind. हिन्दु कुश — planine Inda) je planinski masiv u srednjoj Aziji u državama Avganistan i Pakistan.[1][2] Najzapadniji je deo velikog masiva kojeg sačinjavaju Himalaji, Pamir i Karakorum. Prostire se u dužinu oko 1200 kilometara i širinu oko 240 kilometara.

Hindukuš u Avganistanu.
Prelaz Kotal-e Salang.

Lanac čini zapadni deo Himalajske regije Hindu Kuš (HKH);[3][4][5] na severu, blizu njegovog severoistočnog kraja, Hindukuš se oslanja na planine Pamir blizu tačke gde se granice Kine, Pakistana i Avganistana sastaju, nakon čega ide na jugozapad kroz Pakistan i ulazi u Avganistan blizu njihove granice.[1] Istočni kraj Hindukuša na severu se spaja sa Karakoramskim vencem.[6][7] Prema svom južnom kraju spaja se sa Belim planinama u blizini reke Kabul.[8][9] Ona deli dolinu Amu Darje (drevni Oks) na severu od doline reke Ind na jugu. Lanac ima brojne visoke vrhove pokrivene snegom, a najviša tačka je Tirih Mir ili Teričmir na 7.708 m (25.289 ft) u distriktu Čitral u Hajber Pahtunkvi, Pakistan.

Region Hindu Kuša bio je istorijski značajan centar budizma, sa lokalitetima kao što su Bamijanske Bude.[10][11] Lanac i zajednice nastanjene u njemu bili su domaćini drevnim manastirima, važnim trgovačkim mrežama i putnicima između Centralne Azije i Južne Azije.[12][13] Dok je ogromna većina regiona već nekoliko vekova većinski muslimanska, određeni delovi Hindu Kuša su islamizovani relativno nedavno, kao što je Kafiristan,[14] koji je zadržao drevna politeistička verovanja sve do 19. veka kada je konvertovan u islam od strane Duranskog carstva i preimenovan u Nuristan („zemlja svetlosti“).[15] Hindukuš je takođe bio prolaz za invazije na Indijski potkontinent,[16][17] i nastavlja da bude važan za savremeno ratovanje u Avganistanu.[18][19]

Izvor imena uredi

Prvi Evropljanin koji je došao do lanca Hindukuša je bio 329. p. n. e. Aleksandar Makedonski. Lanac je nazvao Planina Inda (grč. Καύκασος Ινδικός) i ime se održalo do danas. U Sanskritu taj gorski lanac nosi ime Pāriyatra Parvat šta je navodno neka verzija imena Hindu-Kusha šta bukvalno znači Sedište reke Ind.

Najranija poznata upotreba persijskog imena Hindukuš se javlja na mapi objavljenoj oko 1000. godine.[20] Neki savremeni naučnici izuzimaju prostor i nazivaju planinski lanac Hindukuš.[21][22]

Etimologija uredi

Hindukuš se uglavnom prevodi kao „Ubica Hindusa“[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] ili „Hindu-ubica“ od strane većine pisaca.[30][31][32][33][34] Termin je najranije upotrebio Ibn Batuta. Prema njemu Hindukuš znači Hindu ubica jer su robovi sa Indijskog potkontinenta umirali u teškim klimatskim uslovima planina dok su odvođeni iz Indije u Turkestan.[26][35][36][37][a]

Gorski prelazi i najviši vrhovi uredi

Najznačajniji planinski prelazi su 3878 metara visoki Kotal-e Salang koji povezuje Kabul odnosno južni i severni Avganistan i Kotal-e Šibar sa 3260 metara. Prema indijskom podkontinentu vodi prelaz Kiber (1027 metara), dok Kabul i Pakistan povezuje prelaz Tang-e Garu.

Vrhovi Hindukuša su :

  • Tirič Mir (7699 m)
  • Nošak (7492 m)
  • Istor-o-Nal (7403 m)
  • Saragrar I (7338 m)

Napomene uredi

  1. ^ Bojlov persijsko-engleski rečnik ukazuje da je sufiks -koš sadašnji koren glagola 'ubiti' (koštan کشتن‎).[38] Prema lingvisti Fransisu Džozefu Štajngasu, sufiks - kush znači muško; ubica, koji ubija, tlači kao aždaha-kuš.[39]

Reference uredi

  1. ^ a b Mike Searle (2013). Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. Oxford University Press. str. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-165248-6. , Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan".
  2. ^ George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. str. 10. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7. 
  3. ^ „Hindu Kush Himalayan Region”. ICIMOD. Pristupljeno 17. 10. 2014. 
  4. ^ Elalem, Shada; Pal, Indrani (2015). „Mapping the vulnerability hotspots over Hindu-Kush Himalaya region to flooding disasters”. Weather and Climate Extremes. 8: 46—58. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.12.001  . 
  5. ^ „Development of an ASSESSment system to evaluate the ecological status of rivers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region” (PDF). Assess-HKH.at. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2015-09-22. g. Pristupljeno 6. 9. 2015. 
  6. ^ Karakoram Range: MOUNTAINS, ASIA, Encyclopædia Britannica
  7. ^ Stefan Heuberger (2004). The Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone in NW Pakistan – Hindu Kush Mountain Range. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. str. 25—26. ISBN 978-3-7281-2965-9. 
  8. ^ Spīn Ghar Range, MOUNTAINS, PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN, Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. str. 389—390. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. 
  10. ^ Deborah Klimburg-Salter (1989), The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples – Rome: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN 978-0877737650 (Reprinted by Shambala)
  11. ^ Claudio Margottini (2013). After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches. Springer. str. 5—6. ISBN 978-3-642-30051-6. 
  12. ^ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. str. 114—115, 144, 160—163, 170—176, 249—250. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5. 
  13. ^ Ibn Battuta; Samuel Lee (Translator) (2010). The Travels of Ibn Battuta: In the Near East, Asia and Africa. Cosimo (Reprint). str. 97—98. ISBN 978-1-61640-262-4. ; Columbia University Archive
  14. ^ Cacopardo, Augusto S. (15. 2. 2017). Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. ISBN 9781909942851. 
  15. ^ Augusto S. Cacopardo (15. 2. 2017). Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. Gingko Library. ISBN 978-1-90-994285-1. 
  16. ^ Konrad H. Kinzl (2010). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. John Wiley & Sons. str. 577. ISBN 978-1-4443-3412-8. 
  17. ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL Academic. str. 52—53. ISBN 978-0-391-04174-5. 
  18. ^ Frank Clements (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. str. 109—110. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. 
  19. ^ Michael Ryan (2013). Decoding Al-Qaeda's Strategy: The Deep Battle Against America. Columbia University Press. str. 54—55. ISBN 978-0-231-16384-2. 
  20. ^ Fosco Maraini et al., Hindu Kush, Encyclopædia Britannica
  21. ^ Karl Jettmar; Schuyler Jones (1986). The Religions of the Hindukush: The religion of the Kafirs. Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-163-9. 
  22. ^ Winiger, M.; Gumpert, M.; Yamout, H. (2005). „Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources”. Hydrological Processes. Wiley-Blackwell. 19 (12): 2329—2338. Bibcode:2005HyPr...19.2329W. S2CID 130210677. doi:10.1002/hyp.5887. 
  23. ^ The National Geographic Magazine (na jeziku: engleski). National Geographic Society. 1958. „Such bitter journeys gave the range its name, Hindu Kush — "Killer of Hindus."” 
  24. ^ Metha, Arun (2004). History of medieval India (na jeziku: engleski). ABD Publishers. ISBN 9788185771953. „of the Shahis from Kabul to behind the Hindu Kush mountains (Hindu Kush is literally "killer of Hindus"” 
  25. ^ R. W. McColl (2014). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. str. 413—414. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3. 
  26. ^ a b Allan, Nigel (2001). „Defining Place and People in Afghanistan”. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 42 (8): 546. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186. 
  27. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (na jeziku: engleski). ABC-CLIO. str. 4. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. „The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”” 
  28. ^ Weston, Christine (1962). Afghanistan (na jeziku: engleski). Scribner. „To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.” 
  29. ^ Knox, Barbara (2004). Afghanistan (na jeziku: engleski). Capstone. str. 4. ISBN 978-0-7368-2448-4. „Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.” 
  30. ^ [a] Michael Franzak (2010). A Nightmare's Prayer: A Marine Harrier Pilot's War in Afghanistan. Simon and Schuster. str. 241. ISBN 978-1-4391-9499-7. ; [b] Ehsan Yarshater (2003). Encyclopædia Iranica. The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. str. 312. ISBN 978-0-933273-76-4.  [c] James Wynbrandt (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. str. 5. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6. ; [d] Encyclopedia Americana. 14. 1993. str. 206. ; [e] André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. str. 110. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".
  31. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (na jeziku: engleski). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. „The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”” 
  32. ^ Weston, Christine (1962). Afghanistan (na jeziku: engleski). Scribner. „To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.” 
  33. ^ Knox, Barbara (2004). Afghanistan (na jeziku: engleski). Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7368-2448-4. „Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.” 
  34. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia. 9 (1994 izd.). World Book Inc. 1990. str. 235. 
  35. ^ Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), Hindu Kush, Encyclopædia Iranica
  36. ^ Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. str. 171—178. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9. 
  37. ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. str. 110. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".
  38. ^ Boyle, J.A. (1949). A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language. Luzac & Co. str. 129. 
  39. ^ Francis Joseph Steingass (1992). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. str. 1030—1031 (kush means "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs—kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur—kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum—kush means "man slaughter"). ISBN 978-81-206-0670-8. 

Literatura uredi

  • Biddulph, John (2001) [1880]. Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. ISBN 9789693505825. OCLC 223434311.  Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh na sajtu Gugl knjige (facsimile of the original edition).
  • Drew, Frederic (1877). The Northern Barrier of India: A Popular Account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations. Frederic Drew. 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu, 1971
  • Gibb, H. A. R. (1929). Ibn Battūta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Translated and selected by H. A. R. Gibb. Reprint: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi and Madras, 1992
  • Gordon, T. E. (1876). The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus Sources on Pamir. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. Tapei, 1971
  • Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm (1890). Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author's 'The Languages and Races of Dardistan'. Reprint, 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-1217-5
  • Newby, Eric. (1958). A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush. Secker, London. Reprint: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-604-8
  • Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. 1996 reprint by Wordsworth Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-85326-363-X
  • A Country Study: Afghanistan, Library of Congress
  • Ervin Grötzbach, Hindukuš at Encyclopædia Iranica
  • Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Ed., Vol. 21, pp. 54–55, 65, 1987
  • An Advanced History of India, by R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, K.Datta, 2nd Ed., MacMillan and Co., London, pp. 336–37, 1965
  • The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period, by W. Haig & R. Burn, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, pp. 98–99, 1963

External links uredi

 
Hindukuš na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
35° 00′ N 71° 00′ E / 35.000° S; 71.000° I / 35.000; 71.000
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Хиндукуш&oldid=27553729”