Oxyaeninae

Oxyaeninae; Vremenski raspon: 56.2–39.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do srednji eocen
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Patriofelis ferox
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Red:	†Oxyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Oxyaenidae
Potporodica:	†Oxyaeninae; Cope, 1877
Tipski rod
	†Oxyaena; Cope, 1874
Rodovi
	†Argillotherium; †Dipsalidictis (parafiletski rod); †Malfelis; †Oxyaena; †Patriofelis; †Protopsalis; †Sarkastodon;
Sinonimi
	Oxyaenidae (Cope, 1877);

Oxyaeninae (Oksijaeninae — „oštre hijene”)^[2] je izumrla potporodica placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Oxyaenidae, koja je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do srednjeg eocena nastanjivala područje Evrope, Azije i Sjeverne Amerike.^[3]^[4] Ovu porodicu sisara su činili rodovi Argillotherium, Malfelis, Oxyaena, Patriofelis, Protopsalis i Sarkastodon, i parafiletski rod Dipsalidictis. Stručni naziv za članove ove potporodice sisara je oksijaenini.

Etimologija naziva uredi

Potporodica:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Oxyaeninae	tipskog roda Oxyaena i taksonomskog nastavka -inae	oštre hijene

Opis uredi

Kod predstavnika potporodice Oxyaeninae drugi gornji par kutnjaka (M₂) je ili umanjen (redukovan) ili nije prisutan u gornjoj vilici.^[5] Ove vrste sisara nisu posjedovale treći par gornji i donji kutnjaka (M₃/m₃) u svojim vilicama.

Sistematika uredi

Klasifikacija uredi

Klasifikacija potporodice Oxyaeninae:

Potporodica: †Oxyaeninae (Cope, 1877)
Rod:	Vrste:
†Argillotherium (Davies, 1884)	†A. toliapicum (Davies, 1884)
†Dipsalidictis ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Matthew & Granger, 1915)	†D. aequidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †D. krausei (Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991) †D. platypus (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †D. transiens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
†Malfelis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)	†M. badwaterensis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
†Oxyaena (Cope, 1874)	†O. forcipata (Cope, 1874) †O. gulo (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †O. intermedia (Denison, 1937) †O. lupina (Cope, 1874) †O. pardalis (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †O. simpsoni (Van Valen, 1966) †O. woutersi (Stucky & Hardy, 2007) †O. sp. [Europe] (Solé, 2011)
†Patriofelis (Leidy, 1870)	†P. ferox (Marsh, 1872) †P. ulta (Leidy, 1870)
†Protopsalis (Cope, 1880)	†P. tigrinus (Cope, 1880)
†Sarkastodon (Granger, 1938)	†S. henanensis (Tong & Lei, 1986) †S. mongoliensis (Granger, 1938)

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze potporodice Oxyaeninae.^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Pan-Carnivora

†Hyaenodonta

	†Altacreodus

	†Tinerhodon

?

†Wyolestidae

?

†Simidectes

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

sensu lato

Carnivoramorpha

†Oxyaenodonta

†Oxyaenidae

†Tytthaeninae

	†Machaeroidinae

	†Palaeonictinae

†Oxyaeninae

†Dipsalidictis aequidens

†Dipsalidictis krausei

†Dipsalidictis platypus

†Dipsalidictis transiens

†Oxyaena

	†Oxyaena intermedia

	†Oxyaena forcipata

†Oxyaena gulo

†Oxyaena lupina

†Oxyaena simpsoni

†Oxyaena pardalis

	†Oxyaena woutersi

	†Oxyaena sp. (Europe)

†Argillotherium

†Argillotherium toliapicum

?

†Sarkastodon

	†Sarkastodon henanensis

	†Sarkastodon mongoliensis

†Malfelis

†Malfelis badwaterensis

†Protopsalis

†Protopsalis tigrinus

†Patriofelis

	†Patriofelis ferox

	†Patriofelis ulta

†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon grupa

†Dipsalidictis

Vremenska rasprostranjenst rodova iz potporodice Oxyaeninae unutar porodice Oxyaenidae uredi

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754817307.
^ ^a ^b Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30. 9. 1991). „Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141—180. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2010.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41
^ Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
^ Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
^ Shawn P. Zack (2019). „A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653—689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.

Literatura uredi

J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
H. W. Matthes (1967.) "Erstmaliger Nachweis eines Vertreters der Oxyaeninae (TROUESSART, 1885) (Creodonta) in Europa (First record of a representative of the Oxyaeninae in Europe)." Geologie, Berlin 16:452-456
R. K. Stucky and T. G. Hardy (2007.) "A new large, hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming." Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 39:57-65

[1] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[2] Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754817307.

[Gunnel1991-3] Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30. 9. 1991). „Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141—180. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2010.

[McKenna_&_Bell-4] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Gunnell1998-5] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[Solé2011-6] F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41

[7] Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.

[8] Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.

[Zack-9] Shawn P. Zack (2019). „A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653—689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.

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Oxyaeninae Vremenski raspon: 56.2–39.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do srednji eocen

rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Patriofelis ferox

rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Sarkastodon mongoliensis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Red:	†Oxyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Oxyaenidae
Potporodica:	†Oxyaeninae Cope, 1877^[1]
Tipski rod
†Oxyaena Cope, 1874
Rodovi
†Argillotherium †Dipsalidictis ^{(parafiletski rod)} †Malfelis †Oxyaena †Patriofelis †Protopsalis †Sarkastodon
Sinonimi
Oxyaenidae (Cope, 1877)