Змије — разлика између измена

| fossil_range = [[креда (периода)|креда]] – [[Холоцен |данас]],<ref name=snake_origin_ecology/> {{Fossil range|94|0|earliest=112|latest=|PS=}}

Змије су издужени, безноги, [[Месојед |месоједни]] [[рептил]]и из [[Ред (биологија) |реда]] ''Serpentes''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118199| title = Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 10| issue = 3| pages = e0118199| year = 2015| last1 = Reeder | first1 = T. W. | last2 = Townsend | first2 = T. M. | last3 = Mulcahy | first3 = D. G. | last4 = Noonan | first4 = B. P. | last5 = Wood | first5 = P. L. | last6 = Sites | first6 = J. W. | last7 = Wiens | first7 = J. J. | pmid=25803280 | pmc=4372529}}</ref> Попут свих [[Squamata |сквимата]], змије су [[Ектотермија |ектотермна]], [[Амниоте |амниотни]] [[кичмењаци]] окривене у преклапајућим [[крљушт (зоологија) |лустрама]]. Многе врсте змија имају [[Лобања |лобање]] са неколико додатних зглобова у односу на њихове гуштерске претке, што им омобућава да прогутају плен који је знатно већи од њихове главе захваљујући њиховим [[cranial kinesis |високо мобилним вилицама]]. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional [[lung]]. Some species retain a [[pelvic girdle]] with a pair of [[vestigial]] claws on either side of the [[cloaca]]. [[Lizard]]s have evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty five times indepenently via [[convergent evolution]], leading to many lineages of [[legless lizard]]s.<ref>http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1554/05-328.1</ref> Legless lizards resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see [[Amphisbaenia]], [[Dibamidae]], and [[Pygopodidae]]).

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian archipelago]], and the islands of New Zealand, and many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans.<ref name=Bauchot>{{citeCite book|editor=Roland Bauchot|title=Snakes: A Natural History|year=1994|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|isbnid=ISBN 1-4027-3181-7|pagepages=220}}</ref> Additionally, [[Hydrophiinae|sea snakes]] are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. More than 20 [[Family (biology)|families]] are currently recognized, comprising about 520 [[Genus|genera]] and about 3,600 [[species]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=ISBN 174118 |taxon=Serpentes |accessdate= 4. 5. 2017}}</ref><ref name="NRDB-Cs">[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/search.php?taxon=snake&submit=Search snake species list] at the [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Serpentes&submit=Search Reptile Database]. Accessed 4 April 2017.</ref> They range in size from the tiny, {{convert|10.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}-long [[Leptotyphlops carlae|thread snake]]<ref name="zootaxa">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |title=At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles |author=S. Blair Hedges |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1841 |pagesyear=1–30 |date= 4. 8. 2008 |accessdate=2008-08-04 |format=PDF|pages=1–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0345:EEFAOB]2.0.CO;2| issn = 0014-3820| year = 2003| volume = 57| pages = 345–351| title = Empirical Evidence for an Optimal Body Size in Snakes| last1 = Boback | first1 = S. M.| last2 = Guyer | first2 = C.| journal = Evolution| pmid = 12683530| issue = 2 |pages=345–351}}</ref> to the [[Python reticulatus|reticulated python]] of {{convert|6.95|m|ft|sp=us}} in length.<ref name="SunBear">{{cite journal|author=Fredriksson, G. M. |title=Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo|journal= Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=53|issue=1|year= 2005|pages=165–168|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117|pages=165–168}}</ref> The fossil species ''[[Titanoboa cerrejonensis]]'' was {{convert|12.8|m|ft|sp=us}} long.<ref name="head">{{cite journal|last=Head|first=Jason J.|author2last2=Bloch|first2=Jonathan I. Bloch |author3last3=Hastings|first3=Alexander K. Hastings |author4last4=Bourque|first4=Jason R. Bourque |author5last5=Cadena|first5=Edwin A. Cadena |author6last6=Herrera|first6=Fabiany A. Herrera |author7=P. David Polly |author8last8=Jaramillo|first8=Carlos A. Jaramillo |title=Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures.|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457|pages=715–718|accessdate=2009-02-05 |doi=10.1038/nature07671 |pmid=19194448 |date= 2009|pages=715–718}}</ref> Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the [[Jurassic]] period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 [[Mega-annum|Ma]] ago.<ref>{{cite web | last = Perkins | first = Sid | date = 27. 1. 2015 | title = Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed | url = http://news.sciencemag.org/paleontology/2015/01/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed | website = news.sciencemag.org | accessdate = 29. 1. 2015 }}<p>{{Cite journal | last1 = Caldwell | first1 = M. W. | last2 = Nydam | first2 = R. L. |last3 = Palci | first3 = A. |last4 = Apesteguía | first4 = S. | year = 2015 | title = The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | number = 5996 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms6996 | pagepmid=5996 25625704| pmidpages=256257045996}}</ref> The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the [[Paleocene]] period (''c'' 66 to 56 Ma ago). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the [[Brooklyn Papyrus]].

== Evolution ==

|label1=Modern&nbsp; snakes

|label2=&nbsp;

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|caption= Напомена: стабло одражава релације, али не и периоде еволуционог гранања.<ref name=Lee>{{cite journal |first=Michael S. Y. |last=Lee |author2last2=Hugall|first2=Andrew F. Hugall, Robin Lawson & John D. Scanlon|title=Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1017/S1477200007002290 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2440/44258 |year=2007|pages=371–389}}</ref>

The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake [[skeleton]]s are typically small and fragile making [[fossilization]] uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Durand, J.F. (2004). "The origin of snakes". Geoscience Africa 2004. Abstract Volume, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,. ppстр. 187.</ref> The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine [[Simoliophiidae|simoliophiidsimoliophiids]]s, the oldest of which is the [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]] age) ''[[Haasiophis terrasanctus]]'',<ref name=snake_origin_ecology>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5| title = The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume = 15| year = 2015| last1 = Hsiang | first1 = A. Y. | last2 = Field | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Webster | first3 = T. H. | last4 = Behlke | first4 = A. D. | last5 = Davis | first5 = M. B. | last6 = Racicot | first6 = R. A. | last7 = Gauthier | first7 = J. A. | pmid=25989795 | pmc=4438441}}</ref> dated to between 112 and 94 million years old.<ref name=timetree>Vidal, N., Rage, J.-C., Couloux, A. and Hedges, S.B. (2009). "Snakes (Serpentes)". Pp. 390-397 in Hedges, S. B. and Kumar, S. (eds.), ''The Timetree of Life''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

Based on [[comparative anatomy]], there is consensus that snakes descended from [[lizard]]s.<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM. 1987. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBNpage|year=1987|id=ISBN 0-8069-6460-X|pages=}}.</ref>{{Rp|11}}<ref name="Sanchez">{{cite web |last = Sanchez |first = Alejandro |title = Diapsids III: Snakes |work= Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History |url = http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa12.html |accessdate = 2007-11-26 }}</ref> [[Pythonidae|Pythons]] and [[Boidae|boas]]—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as [[anal spur]]s, which are used to grasp during mating.<ref name="Meh87"/>{{Rp|11}}<ref name="legs">{{cite web |title = New Fossil Snake With Legs |work = UNEP WCMC Database | publisher =American Association For The Advancement Of Science |location = Washington, D.C. |url =http://www.wildlifenews.co.uk/articles2000/march/march2500a.htm |accessdate =2007-11-29}}</ref> The families [[Leptotyphlopidae]] and [[Typhlopidae]] also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible.

Воде порекло од четвороножних гуштероликих гмизаваца од којих су се [[Еволуција (биологија)|еволутивно]] одвојиле и наставиле развиће у правцу издуживања тела и губитка [[Екстремитет (анатомија)|екстремитетекстремитета]]а. Уместо задњих ногу код извесних примитивних врста (-{[[Boidae]]}-, -{[[Ilysiidae]]}-, -{[[Thyphlopidae]]}-) налазе се остаци [[карлична кост|карлице]] која се завршава рожним [[канџа]]ма, што указује да су ноге код предака постојале. Ипак, ови остаци карличног појаса немају везу са осовинским [[скелетни систем|скелетом]]. Уместо ногу змије су стекле веома покретну [[кичма|кичму]]. Број пршљенова им је повећан на двеста (код неких врста тај број достиже и 435). Сваки [[пршљен]] има на задњој страни кугласто удубљење, а са предње чашицу која са суседним пршљенима гради [[зглоб]]. [[Ребра]] су такође оваквим зглобовима састављена са пршљенима. Крећу се таласастим вијугањем тела, али се могу кретати и праволинијски када пролазе кроз узане ходнике. У том случају се кретање врши помоћу трбушних рожних плочица.

<ref name=snake_origin_ecology>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5| title = The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume = 15| year = 2015| last1 = Hsiang | first1 = A. Y. | last2 = Field | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Webster | first3 = T. H. | last4 = Behlke | first4 = A. D. | last5 = Davis | first5 = M. B. | last6 = Racicot | first6 = R. A. | last7 = Gauthier | first7 = J. A. | pmid=25989795 | pmc=4438441}}</ref>

* {{cite book |last = Behler |first = John L. |last2 = King |first2 = F. Wayne |title = The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |location= New York |page = 581 |year= 1979 |isbn id=ISBN 0-394-50824-6|pages=581}}

* {{cite book |last =Bullfinch |first =Thomas |authorlink =Thomas Bullfinch |title =Bullfinch's Complete Mythology |publisher =Chancellor Press |year =2000 | location =London |page pages=679 |url =http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/

|isbn id=ISBN 0-7537-0381-5 }}

* {{cite book |last= Capula |first= Massimo |author2=Behler |title= Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World |year= 1989 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= New York |isbnid=ISBN 0-671-69098-1}}

* {{cite book |last= Coborn |first= John |title=The Atlas of Snakes of the World |year= 1991 |location=New Jersey |publisher = TFH Publications |isbn= 978-0-86622-749-0}}

* {{cite book |last = Cogger |first = Harold |authorlink = Harold Cogger |last2 = Zweifel |first2 = Richard |title = Reptiles & Amphibians |publisher = Weldon Owen |location = Sydney |year = 1992 |isbn id=ISBN 0-8317-2786-1}}

* {{cite book |last =Conant |first =Roger |last2 =Collins |first2 =Joseph |authorlink=Roger Conant (herpetologist) |title =A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America |publisher =Houghton Mifflin Company |year= 1991 |location =Boston |isbn id=ISBN 0-395-58389-6 }}

* {{cite book |last =Deane |first =John |authorlink =The Worship of the Serpent |title =The Worship of the Serpent |publisher =Kessinger Publishing |year =1833 |location =Whitefish, Montana |page =412 |url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm |isbn id=ISBN 1-56459-898-5|pages=412}}

* {{cite book |last =Ditmars |first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Poisonous Snakes of the United States: How to Distinguish Them |publisher =E. R. Sanborn |year =1906 |location =New York |page pages=11}}

* {{cite book |last =Ditmars |first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Snakes of the World |publisher =Macmillan |year =1931 |location =New York |page =11 |isbn = 978-0-02-531730-7 |pages=11}}

* {{cite book |last =Ditmars |first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres |publisher =Macmillan |year =1933 |location =New York |page pages=321}}

* {{cite book |last =Ditmars |first =Raymond L |author2=W. Bridges |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Snake-Hunters' Holiday |publisher =D. Appleton and Company |year =1935 |location =New York |page pages=309}}

* {{cite book |last =Ditmars |first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = A Field Book of North American Snakes |publisher =Doubleday, Doran & Co |year =1939 |location =Garden City, New York |page pages=305}}

* {{cite book |last= Freiberg |first= Dr. Marcos |last2= Walls |first2=Jerry |title= The World of Venomous Animals |year= 1984 |publisher= TFH Publications|location=New Jersey |isbnid=ISBN 0-87666-567-9}}

* {{cite book |last =Gibbons |first =J. Whitfield |last2 =Gibbons |first2 =Whit |title =Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians |publisher =University of Alabama Press |year =1983 |location =Alabama |page =164 |isbn=978-0-8173-0135-4 |pages=164}}

* {{cite book |last =Mattison |first =Chris |title =The New Encyclopedia of Snakes |publisher =Princeton University Press |year =2007 |location =New Jersey |page =272 |isbn=978-0-691-13295-2 |pages=272}}

* {{cite book |last=McDiarmid |first=RW |last2= Campbell |first2=JA |last3=Touré |first3=T |year= 1999 |title= Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |volume= 1 |publisher= Herpetologists' League |pageid=511ISBN |isbn= 1-893777-00-6 |pages=511}}

* {{cite book |last= Mehrtens |first= John |title= Living Snakes of the World in Color |year= 1987 |publisher= Sterling |location= New York |isbnid=ISBN 0-8069-6461-8}}

* {{cite journal | last1= Nóbrega Alves | first1= RôMulo Romeu | last2= Silva Vieira | first2= Washington Luiz | last3= Santana | first3= Gindomar Gomes | title= Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications | journal= Biodiversity and Conservation |volume= 17 |issue=8 |pages= 2037–2049 | year= 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 |pages=2037–2049}}

* {{cite book |authorlast=Romulus Whitaker |first=Romulus|title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Snakes around us, Tamil) |publisher=National Book Trust |year=1996 |isbnid=ISBN 81-237-1905-1 |authorlink=Romulus Whitaker }}

* {{cite book |last = Rosenfeld |first = Arthur |title = Exotic Pets |publisher = Simon & Schuster |location= New York |year= 1989 |page=293 |isbn = 978-0-671-47654-0|pages=293}}

* {{cite book |last =Spawls |first=Steven |last2 =Branch |first2= Bill |year= 1995 |title= The Dangerous Snakes of Africa |publisher=Ralph Curtis Publishing |location=Sanibel Island, Florida |page= 192 |isbn id=ISBN 0-88359-029-8|pages=192}}

* {{ITIS |id=ISBN 174118 |taxon=Serpentes}}