Змије — разлика између измена

Змије су присутне на свим континентима сем Антарктика, и на већини мањих компнених маса; изузеци су нека велика острва, као што су Ирска, Исланд, Гренланд, [[Хаваји |Хавајски архипелаг]], и острва Новог Зеланда, и многа мања острва на Атрланском и централном Тихом океану.<ref name=Bauchot>{{Cite book|editor=Roland Bauchot|title=Snakes: A Natural History|year=1994|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|id=ISBN 1-4027-3181-7|pages=220}}</ref> Додатно, [[морске змије]] су широко распрострањене у Индијском и Пацифичком океану. Више од 20 [[Фамилија (биологија) |фамилија]] је тренутно препознато, чиме је обухваћено 520 [[Род (биологија) |родова]] и око 3.600 [[Врста (биологија) |врста]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=ISBN 174118 |taxon=Serpentes |accessdate= 4. 5. 2017}}</ref><ref name="NRDB-Cs">[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/search.php?taxon=snake&submit=Search snake species list] at the [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Serpentes&submit=Search Reptile Database]. Accessed 4 April 2017.</ref> Оне се крећу по величини од ситних, {{convert|10.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} - дугих [[Leptotyphlops carlae |нитних змија]]<ref name="zootaxa">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf |title=At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles |author=S. Blair Hedges |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1841 |year=2008|accessdate=2008-08-04 |format=PDF|pages=1–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0345:EEFAOB]2.0.CO;2| issn = 0014-3820|year=2003| volume = 57| title = Empirical Evidence for an Optimal Body Size in Snakes|last1=Boback| first1 = S. M.|last2=Guyer| first2 = C.| journal = Evolution| pmid = 12683530| issue = 2 |pages=345–351}}</ref> до [[Python reticulatus |мрежастог питона]] са {{convert|6.95|m|ft|sp=us}} у дужини.<ref name="SunBear">{{cite journal|author=Fredriksson, G. M. |title=Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo|journal= Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=53|issue=1|year=2005|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/161117|pages=165–168}}</ref> Фосилна врста -{''[[Titanoboa cerrejonensis]]''}- је била {{convert|12.8|m|ft|sp=us}} дуга.<ref name="head">{{cite journal|last=Head|first=Jason J.|last2=Bloch|first2=Jonathan I. |last3=Hastings|first3=Alexander K. |last4=Bourque|first4=Jason R. |last5=Cadena|first5=Edwin A. |last6=Herrera|first6=Fabiany A. |author7=P. David Polly |last8=Jaramillo|first8=Carlos A. |title=Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures.|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7230/abs/nature07671.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=457|accessdate=2009-02-05 |doi=10.1038/nature07671 |pmid=19194448 |date= 2009|pages=715–718}}</ref> Сматра се да су змије еволуирале из било ријућих или водених гуштера, вероватно током перода [[Јура |Јуре]], при чему су најстарији познати фосили датирани на период пре око 143 и 167 милиона година.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perkins| first = Sid | date = 27. 1. 2015 | title = Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed | url = http://news.sciencemag.org/paleontology/2015/01/fossils-oldest-known-snakes-unearthed | website = news.sciencemag.org | accessdate = 29. 1. 2015 }}<p>{{Cite journal |last1=Caldwell| first1 = M. W. |last2=Nydam| first2 = R. L. |last3=Palci| first3 = A. |last4=Apesteguía| first4 = S. |year=2015| title = The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | number = 5996 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms6996 | pmid=25625704|pages=5996}}</ref> Разноликост модерних змија појавила се током [[Палеоцен]]ског периода (пре око 66 до 56 милиона година). Најстарији сачувани опис змија може се наћи у [[Brooklyn Papyrus |Бруклинском папирусу]].<ref name="E">{{cite web |url=http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183732/http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-date=2014-02-01 |title=Ägyptische Medizin Papyri |language=German |last=Kori-Lindner |first=Claus |date= |website=KoLi - Dr. med. C. Kori-Lindner medizinisch wissenschaftlicher Service |publisher=TeuberNet Webdesign |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="F">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharaonen.info/papyri.htm#papyr |title=Papyrus - Historische Papyri |language=German |last=Diederich |first=Manuela |dateyear= 18. 4. 2004 |website=Die Welt der alten Ägypter |publisher= |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="G">{{cite book |last=Ritner |first=Robert K. |chapter=Medicine |chapter-url=http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929082223/http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-29 |dateyear=2001 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |editor-first=Donald B. |editor-last=Redford |url= |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=355 |isbn=978-0-19-510234-5 |lccn=99054801 |access-date=2012-10-24|pages=355}}</ref><ref name="H">{{cite web |url=http://www.medizinische-papyri.de/Start/html/medizinische_papyri.html |title=Medizinische Papyri |language=German |last=Stuhr |first=Marko |dateyear= 19. 4. 2015 |website=Medizinische Schriften der Alten Ägypter |publisher= |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref>

Фосилни запис змија је релативно лош, јер су змијски [[Скелетни систем |скелети]] типично мали и крхки, што чини [[фосил]]изацију ретком. Фосили који се лако могу препознати као змије (иако често задржавају задње удове) први пут се појављују у фосилном запису током периода [[Креда (периода) |креде]].<ref>Durand, J.F. (2004). "The origin of snakes". Geoscience Africa 2004. Abstract Volume, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. стр. 187.</ref> Најранији познати истински змијски фосили (Чланови крунске групе -{''Serpentes''}-) потичу од морских [[Simoliophiidae |симолиофида]], најстарији од којих је из [[Горња креда |Гоње креде]] ([[Ценоман]]ског доба) -{''[[Haasiophis terrasanctus]]''}-,<ref name=snake_origin_ecology>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5| title = The origin of snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume = 15|year=2015|last1=Hsiang| first1 = A. Y. |last2=Field| first2 = D. J. |last3=Webster| first3 = T. H. |last4=Behlke| first4 = A. D. |last5=Davis| first5 = M. B. |last6=Racicot| first6 = R. A. |last7=Gauthier| first7 = J. A. | pmid=25989795 | pmc=4438441}}</ref> датиран на пре 112 до 94 милиона година.<ref name=timetree>Vidal, N., Rage, J.-C., Couloux, A. and Hedges, S.B. (2009). "Snakes (Serpentes)". Pppp. 390-397 in Hedges, S. B. and Kumar, S. (eds.), ''The Timetree of Life''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Behler|first = John L. |last2=King|first2 = F. Wayne |title = The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |location= New York |year=1979|id=ISBN 0-394-50824-6|pages=581}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Bullfinch|first =Thomas |authorlink =Thomas Bullfinch |title =Bullfinch's Complete Mythology |publisher =Chancellor Press |year=2000| location =London |pages=679|url =http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Capula|first= Massimo |author2=Behler |title= Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World |year=1989|publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= New York |id=ISBN 0-671-69098-1}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Coborn|first= John |title=The Atlas of Snakes of the World |year=1991|location=New Jersey |publisher = TFH Publications |isbn= 978-0-86622-749-0}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Cogger|first = Harold |authorlink = Harold Cogger |last2=Zweifel|first2 = Richard |title = Reptiles & Amphibians |publisher = Weldon Owen |location = Sydney |year=1992|id=ISBN 0-8317-2786-1}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Conant|first =Roger |last2=Collins|first2 =Joseph |authorlink=Roger Conant (herpetologist) |title =A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America |publisher =Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1991|location =Boston |id=ISBN 0-395-58389-6 }}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Deane|first =John |authorlink =The Worship of the Serpent |title =The Worship of the Serpent |publisher =Kessinger Publishing |year=1833|location =Whitefish, Montana |url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm |id=ISBN 1-56459-898-5|pages=412}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Ditmars|first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Poisonous Snakes of the United States: How to Distinguish Them |publisher =E. R. Sanborn |year=1906|location =New York |pages=11}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Ditmars|first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Snakes of the World |publisher =Macmillan |year=1931|location =New York |isbn=978-0-02-531730-7|pages=11}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Ditmars|first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres |publisher =Macmillan |year=1933|location =New York |pages=321}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Ditmars|first =Raymond L |author2=W. Bridges |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = Snake-Hunters' Holiday |publisher =D. Appleton and Company |year=1935|location =New York |pages=309}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Ditmars|first =Raymond L |authorlink =Raymond Ditmars |title = A Field Book of North American Snakes |publisher =Doubleday, Doran & Co |year=1939|location =Garden City, New York |pages=305}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Freiberg|first= Dr. Marcos |last2=Walls|first2=Jerry |title= The World of Venomous Animals |year=1984|publisher= TFH Publications|location=New Jersey |id=ISBN 0-87666-567-9}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Gibbons|first =J. Whitfield |last2=Gibbons|first2 =Whit |title =Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians |publisher =University of Alabama Press |year=1983|location =Alabama |isbn=978-0-8173-0135-4 |pages=164}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Mattison|first =Chris |title =The New Encyclopedia of Snakes |publisher =Princeton University Press |year=2007|location =New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-13295-2 |pages=272}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=McDiarmid|first=RW |last2=Campbell|first2=JA |last3=Touré|first3=T |year=1999|title= Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |volume= 1 |publisher= Herpetologists' League |id=ISBN 1-893777-00-6 |pages=511}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Mehrtens|first= John |title= Living Snakes of the World in Color |year=1987|publisher= Sterling |location= New York |id=ISBN 0-8069-6461-8}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Whitaker|first=Romulus|title=நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Snakes around us, Tamil) |publisher=National Book Trust |year=1996|id=ISBN 81-237-1905-1 |authorlink=Romulus Whitaker }}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Rosenfeld|first = Arthur |title = Exotic Pets |publisher = Simon & Schuster |location= New York |year=1989|isbn=978-0-671-47654-0|pages=293}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Spawls|first=Steven |last2=Branch|first2= Bill |year=1995|title= The Dangerous Snakes of Africa |publisher=Ralph Curtis Publishing |location=Sanibel Island, Florida |id=ISBN 0-88359-029-8|pages=192}}

* {{ITIS |id=ISBN 174118 |taxon=Serpentes}}