Персијски језик — разлика између измена

}}: "Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds"</ref>{{sfn|Mastyugina|Perepelkin|1996|ppp=80}}</ref> [[Азербејџан]],<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge (2009). стр. 418.</ref> [[Кувајт]] и [[Бахреин]]

'''Персијски''' (فارسی, ''фарси'') један је од [[Западни ирански језици|западно иранских]] језика унутар [[индоирански језици|индо-иранске гране]] [[Индоевропски језици|индоевропске језичке фамилије]], и службени је језик [[Иран]]а, [[Авганистан]]а (званично познат као '''[[Дари (језик)|Дари]]''' од 1958),<ref>Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press. (1995). стр. 205.: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"</ref> и [[Таџикистан]]у (званично познат као '''[[Таџички језик|Таџички]]''' од [[Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република|совјетске]] ере).<ref>{{citeCite book|ref=harv|last=Baker|first=Mona|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC&pg=PA518|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-25517-2|pages=518}}</ref> Користи се и у неким другим регијама које су историјски биле [[Персијанско друштво|персијанска друштва]] и које се сматрају делом [[Велики Иран|Великог Ирана]]. Овај језик се пише [[Персиско писмо|персијским писмом]], које је модификована варијанта [[Арапско писмо|арапског писма]].

Персијски језик се класификује као настављање [[Туран (регија)|средњовековног персијског]], званичног религиозног и књижевног језика [[Сасанидско царство|Сасанидског царства]], који је континуација [[Староперсијски језик|Староперсијског]], језика [[Ахеменидско царство|Ахеменидског царства]].<ref name="Lazard"/><ref>Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. стр. 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]], the [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi language]] was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."</ref><ref>Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). ''Encyclopedia Iranica'', "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."</ref> Његова граматика је слична са многим савременим европским језицима.<ref name="Richard Davis (2006). стр. 602-603">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Richard|chapter=Persian|editor1=Josef W. Meri|editor2=Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2006|pages=602–603}}</ref> Персијски је добио своје име по престоници Ахеменидског царства, [[Персис]]у (садашња [[покрајина Фарс]]), стога се назива и ''Фарси''.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/Persian_or_Farsi.html | title = Persian or Farsi? | website = parents.berkeley.edu | access-date = 27. 022. 2016.}}</ref> Особа која говори персијски се може назвати ''персофоном''.<ref>[https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/centralasia/research/current-research-projects/modernity-and-modernism-in-persophone-literary-history "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History"], Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</ref>

Персијски је имао знатан (превасходно [[Лексикографија|лексикографски]]) утицај на суседне језике, а посебно на [[Туркијски језици|туркијске језике]] у централној Азији, [[Кавказ (регион)|Кавказу]], и [[Anatoliја|Анатолији]], суседне иранске језике, као и [[Јерменски језик|јерменски]], [[грузински језик|грузијски]], и [[индоаријски језици|индо-аријске језике]], посебно [[Урду (језик)|Урду]] (који је у основи [[Хинди-урду|хиндустанског]]). Он је исто тако у извесној мери утицао на [[Арапски језик|арапски]], а посебно на [[бахрански арапски јазик]],<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Holes|first=Clive|title=Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10763-2}}, p. XXX</ref> али је исто тако позајмио знатан део свог вокабулара из њега након [[Муслиманско освајање Персије|арапског освајања Ирана]].<ref name="Lazard">Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. 4. стр. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as [[Avestan]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Sogdian language|Soghdian]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashto]], etc., [[Old Persian]], [[Middle Persian|Middle]] and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in [[Fars Province|Fars]] (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."</ref>{{sfn|Davis|2006|pp=602-603}}<ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971">Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, ''Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky'', Edinburgh University Press, 1971.</ref><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971" /><ref name="Nushin Namazi">{{cite web|url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327|title=Persian Loan Words in Arabic|last=Namazi|first=Nushin|year=2008|accessdate = 1. 066. 2009.}}</ref><ref name="Classe 2000 1057">{{harvnb|Classe|2000|p=1057}}</ref><ref name=lambtonexcerpt>Ann K. S. Lambton, ''Persian grammar'', Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".</ref><ref>[http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=fas Most similar languages to Persian], ezglot.com</ref>

* {{Cite book|ref= harv| ref = harv | last1 = Mastyugina | first1 = Tatiana | last2 = Perepelkin | first2 = Lev | title = An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80 | year = 1996 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29315-3}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Bleeck|first=Arthur Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsAUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A concise grammar of the Persian language|year=1857|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Bleeck|first=Arthur Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiBgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A concise grammar of the Persian language: containing dialogues, reading lessons, and a vocabulary: together with a new plan for facilitating the study of languages|year=1857|publisher=B. Quaritch|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=206}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Bleeck|first=Arthur Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vroOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A concise grammar of the Persian language|year=1857|publisher=|edition=Oxford University|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Doctor|first=Sorabshaw Byramji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory|year=1880|publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=558}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Doctor|first=Sorabshaw Byramji|author2-last=Saʻdī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes |year=1880|publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=2|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=120}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Doctor|first=Sorabshaw Byramji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises|year=1879|publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=94}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Doctor|first=Sorabshaw Byramji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0MOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges|year=1875|publisher=Irish Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=84}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Forbes|first=Duncan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary|year=1844|publisher=Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co.|edition=2|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=158}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Forbes|first=Duncan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwQtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary|year=1844|publisher=Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co.|edition=2|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=114}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Forbes|first=Duncan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations|year=1876|publisher=W.H. Allen|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=238}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Forbes|first=Duncan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations|year=1869|publisher=W.H. Allen & co.|edition=4|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=238}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Ibrâhîm|first=Muḥammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru1ncSqiRXkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language |year=1841|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Sir William|authorlink=William Jones (philologist)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1783|publisher=|edition=3|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1797|publisher=|edition=4|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1801|publisher=Murray and Highley, J. Sewell|edition=5|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=194}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Sir William|editor=Samuel Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4dBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language|year=1823|publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co.|edition=8|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=230}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Sir William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language|editor=Samuel Lee|year=1828|publisher=Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co.|edition=9|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=283}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Lumsden|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion etc|year=1810|publisher=Watley|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Moises|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English|year=1792|publisher=Printed by L. Hodgson|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=143}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Palmer|first=Edward Henry|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz9bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A concise dictionary, English-Persian; together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Completed and ed. by G. Le Strange|editor=Guy Le Strange|year=1883|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Palmer|first=Edward Henry|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKUfAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language|editor=Guy Le Strange|year=1883|publisher=Trübner|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=42}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Platts|first=John Thompson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A grammar of the Persian language ...|year=1894|publisher=Williams and Norgate|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Ranking|first=George Speirs Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I4PAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax|year=1907|publisher=The Claredon Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=72}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Richardson|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hZHFh_nVEMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary|editor=Sir Charles Wilkins |editor2=David Hopkins|year=1810|publisher=Printed for F. and C. Rivingson|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=643}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Rosen|first=Friedrich|author2-last=Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary|year=1898|publisher=Luzac & C.̊|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=400}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv | last1= Samadi | first1= Habibeh | title = Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars | year = 2012 | publisher = Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 | author2 = Nick Perkins | editor = Martin Ball | editor2 = David Crystal| editor3 = Paul Fletcher}}

* {{cite book|ref= harv|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen).|editor=Madhub Chunder Sen|year=1841|publisher=|edition=2|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A dictionary in Persian and English|year=1829|publisher=Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=226}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A dictionary in English and Persian |year=1833|publisher=Printed at the Baptist Mission Press|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=276}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Sen|first=Ramdhun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A dictionary in English and Persian|year=1833|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

| date = 1. 055. 1993.

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1801|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F11AAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850|publisher=J. Madden|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=145}}

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Tucker|first=William Thornhill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ppxqpkEHVoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A pocket dictionary of English and Persian|year=1850|publisher=J. Madden|edition=|location=|id=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.|pages=145}}

| date = 15. 011. 2009.

* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last=Wollaston|first=(Sir) Arthur Naylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6UCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=An English-Persian dictionary|year=1882|publisher=W. H. Allen|edition=|location=|page=|id=|pages=|volume=|accessdate = 6. 077. 2011.}}