Emocija — разлика између измена

 

== Teorije emocija ==

 

 

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], Persian [[polymath]] [[Avicenna]] theorized about the influence of emotions on health and behaviors, suggesting the need to manage emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque|first=Amber|date=2004|title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27512819|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|volume=43|issue=4|pages=357–377|doi=10.2307/27512819}}</ref> [[Western philosophy]] regarded emotion in varying ways. In [[stoicism|stoic]] theories it was seen as a hindrance to [[reason]] and therefore a hindrance to virtue. [[Aristotle]] believed that emotions were an essential component of [[virtue]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=Nicomachean Ethics|location=Book 2. Chapter 6|url=http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_02.htm#2.6}}</ref> In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the [[Middle Ages]], the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by [[scholasticism]] and [[Thomas Aquinas]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|title=Summa Theologica|location=Q.59, Art.2|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2059.htm}}</ref> in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as [[René Descartes]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref>See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005) ''Looking for Spinoza''.</ref> [[Thomas Hobbes]]<ref>Leviathan (1651), VI: Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Notions, Commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which They are Expressed</ref> and [[David Hume]]. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an [[empiricist]] psychiatric perspective.

 

 

 

Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated during the mid-late 19th century with [[Charles Darwin]]'s 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''.<ref>Darwin, Charles (1872). ''The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals''. Note: This book was originally published in 1872, but has been reprinted many times thereafter by different publishers</ref> Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via [[natural selection]] and therefore have universal [[cross-cultural]] counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that [[emotion in animals|occur in animals]]. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

 

 

More contemporary views along the [[evolutionary psychology]] spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment.<ref name = "Gaulin 6"/> Current research{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in [[neuroimaging]] has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by [[Joseph E. LeDoux]] and [[António Damásio]].