Марко Поло — разлика између измена

'''Марко Поло''' ({{јез-ита|Marco Polo}}; 1254 — 1324) је био [[венеција]]нски [[трговина|трговац]] и истраживач, који је, са оцем и стрицем био један од првих Европљана са [[запад]]а који су путовали [[Пут свиле|Путем свиле]] до [[Кина|Кине]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Marco Polo - Exploration - HISTORY.com| url = http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/marco-polo| accessdate = 9. 1. 2017.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Marco Polo - New World Encyclopedia| url = http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Marco_Polo| accessdate = 9. 1. 2017.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = BBC - History - Historic Figures: Marco Polo (c.1254—1324.)| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/polo_marco.shtml| accessdate = 9. 1. 2017.}}</ref><ref name=HFH>{{Citation| title = [[Tait's Edinburgh magazine]], Volume 10 | last = [[William Tait (publisher)|William Tait]], [[Christian Isobel Johnstone]] | year = 1843| place = Edinburgh}}</ref><ref name=HKJ>{{Citation| title = Venice and Its Merchant Empire| last = Hinds| first = Kathryn| year = 2002| place = New York}}</ref> Своја путовања Поло је хронолошки изложио у књизи ''„-{II Milione}-“'' (Путовања Марка Пола). Полови су у [[Кина|Кини]] живели 17 година пре него што су се вратили у Венецију. У поморској бици између Венеције и [[Ђенова|Ђенове]], Марко је био ухваћен и одведен у [[затвор]], где је своју књигу издиктирао ''Рустичелу да Пизи''. Због свега овога, Марка Пола неки сматрају једним од највећих светских истраживача, док га неки скептичнији пре виде као највећег светског приповедача [[прича]].

Марко Поло је рођен 1254. године<ref name="Italiani nel sistema solare">[https://books.google.com/books?id=TiTXdptskSsC&pg=PA67&dq=marco+polo+15+settembre+1254&hl=it&sa=X&ei=FHywUuKYKMHnywPTnoKIDA&ved=0CEwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=marco%20polo%2015%20settembre%201254&f=false Italiani nel sistema solare] di Michele T. Mazzucato</ref>{{refn|group="nb"|Many sources state "around 1254"; {{harvnb|Britannica|2002|p=571}} states, "born in or around 1254". Some historians mentioned that he was born on September 15, 1254,<ref name="Italiani nel sistema solare"/> but that date is not supported by primary sources, nor is it endorsed by mainstream scholarship.}} у [[Млетачка република|Млетачкој републици]].{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=5}} Тачан датум и место његовог рођења нису познати.{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=5–6|ps=: have not yet been determined where (nor exactly when) the Traveler was born. His birth was not recorded in the Venetian registers of births (and not only that: the first document that connects Venice and his family is the same testament of his uncle Marco made yr. 1280), and Korčula's registers of births began to take a lot after his birth (only from 1583 yr.). Yet the Italian historiography considers that he was born in Venice and calls for the alleged Marco's paternal grandfather - Andrea Polo of San Felice (whose, as we said, first mention is by G. B. Ramusio), while our historical science claims the place of his birth island Korčula. Italian historians often, due to lack of archives of the birth of Marco Polo in Venice, stress that certainly was born in the Venetian Republic since Dalmatia was then in its composition.}}<ref name="PeklicPolo">{{cite journal | title = Marko Polo - Svjetski Putnik |trans-title=Marco Polo - The World Traveler | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=102234 | last = Peklić| first = Ivan| publisher = Ivan Zakmardi Dijankovečki Gymnasium | location = Križevci | journal = Metodički ogledi | volume = 17 | issue = 1-2 | year = 2011| language = Croatian | quote = Birthplace of Marco Polo is archivally undetermined, but it is assumed that his ancestors came from Dalmatia. There are many scientific discussions on the subject in which as the birthplace mention Korčula, Venice or Constantinople...| pages = 50}}</ref> Неки историчари помињу да је рођен 15. септембра<ref>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TvyZQQAACAAJ&dq=marco+polo+15+september+1254&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y| title = Marco Polo: The Connection with Greek Spirit, Gregory Zorzos - 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sZqWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=marco+polo+biography+1254+september&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = Marco Polo, Jim Ollhoff, 2014}}</ref> али тај датум не подражава већина научника. Марко Полово место рођења се генерално сматра да је [[Венеција]],<ref name="PeklicPolo"/><ref name="Bergreen25">{{harvnb|Bergreen|2007|p=25}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=x-PZdFbG6dEC&pg=PA24 online copy pp. 24–25])</ref> мада исто тако варириа између [[Константинопољ]]а{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=14}}<ref name="PeklicPolo"/> и острва [[Корчула]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2007|p=24}}<ref name="PeklicPolo"/><ref name="Michael Burgan7">[https://books.google.com/books?id=v7j5HuiU9_4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Marco Polo and the Silk Road to China''] by Michael Burgan, Compass Point Books. {{page| year = |id=ISBN 0-7565-0180-6|| pages = 7}}</ref><ref name="Timothy Brook24">Timothy Brook, ''The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties''. {{page| year = 2010| isbn = 9780674046023|| pages = 24}}</ref> Постоји спор око тога да ли је Полова породица млетачког порекла, пошто венецијански историјски извори сматрају да су они [[Далмација|далматинског]] порекла.<ref name="Italiani nel sistema solare"/><ref name="PeklicPolo"/>{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=5–16}}<ref>{{cite book| title = Dizionario Storico-Portatile Di Tutte Le Venete Patrizie Famiglie |trans-title=Historical Dictionary Of All-Portable Venetian Patrician Families | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9jY8AAAAcAAJ | last = Bettinelli| first = Giuseppe| location = Venice | year = 1780| language = Italian | quote = ''Vennero dalla Dalmazia''| pages = 126}}</ref> Недостатак евиденције чини Корчуланску теорију (вероватно под Рамусиовим утицајем{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=8}}) као специфичном месту рођења посебно спорном,{{sfn|Puljiz-Šostik|2015|p=5}} и чак неки од хрватских научника сматрају да је измишљена.<ref>Olga Orlić (Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia), ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212682113000140 The curious case of Marco Polo from Korčula: An example of invented tradition]'', Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2013, Pages 20–28</ref>

* {{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TvyZQQAACAAJ&dq=marco+polo+15+september+1254&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y| title = Marco Polo: The Connection with Greek Spirit, Gregory Zorzos - 2009}}

* {{CathEncy| wstitle = Marco Polo}}

* {{Citation | contribution = Marco Polo | year = 1915| title = [[Nordisk familjebok]] | edition = Uggleupplagan | language = Swedish |contribution-url=http://runeberg.org/nfca/0687.html | ref = CITEREFBerg1915}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Yule| first = Henry| authorlink = Henry Yule| last2 = Cordier| first2 = Henri| authorlink2 = Henri Cordier| title = The Travels Of Marco Polo| publisher = Dover Publications| location = Mineola| year = 1923| isbn = 978-0-486-27586-4| url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo| ref = CITEREFYuleCordier1923}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Moule| first = Arthur Christopher| last2 = Pelliot| first2 = Paul|author-link2=Paul Pelliot|date year = 1938| title = Marco Polo: The Description of the World| publisher = [[Routledge|George Routledge & Sons Limited]]| location = London| volume = 1| url = https://archive.org/details/descriptionofwor01polo}}

* {{Citation| last = Landström| first = Björn | title = Columbus: the story of Don Cristóbal Colón, Admiral of the Ocean

| publisher = Macmillan| location = New York City| year = 1967}}

* {{citation| last = Bram| first = Leon L.| first2 = Phillips| last2 = Robert S.| first3 = Norma H.| last3 = Dickey| title = Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia

| publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]]| location = New York| year = 1983| isbn = 978-0-8343-0051-4| ref = CITEREFBram1983}} (Article republished in 2006 World Almanac Books, available online from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090412181453/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219550 History.com])

* {{cite book| last = Nicol| first=Donald M. | url= | title=Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations | year = 1992| publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0-521-42894-7}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Wood| first = Frances| authorlink = Frances Wood| title = Did Marco Polo Go To China?| publisher = Westview Press| year = 1998|id=ISBN 0-8133-8999-2 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=yMRVjwNIqW0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Did+Marco+Polo+Go+to+China%3F&q=}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Burgan| first = Michael| title = Marco Polo: Marco Polo and the silk road to China| year = 2002| url = https://books.google.com/?id=3aPF0rgdslUC&dq=Marco+Polo:+Marco+Polo+and+the+silk+road+to+China&printsec=frontcover&q=Korcula| publisher = Compass Point Books| location = Mankato| isbn = 978-0-7565-0180-8| ref = CITEREFBurgan2002}}

* {{cite book| title = The New Encyclopædia Britannica Macropedia| edition = 15| publisher = [[Енциклопедија Британика|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]| isbn = 978-0-85229-787-2| contribution = Marco Polo| volume = 9| year = 2002| ref = CITEREFBritannica2002}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Parker| first = John| authorlink = John Parker (author)| contribution = Marco Polo| location = United States| title = [[World Book Encyclopedia|The World Book Encyclopedia]]| publisher = World Book, Inc| year = 2004| volume = 15| edition = illustrated| isbn = 978-0-7166-0104-3| ref = CITEREFParker2004}}

* {{citation| last = Edwards| first = Mike| title = Marco Polo, Part 1| publisher = [[Национално географско друштво|National Geographic Society]]| location = Washington, D.C.| year = 2005| url = http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0105/feature1/index.html| ref = CITEREFEdwards}}

* {{cite book| last = Falchetta| first = Piero | authorlink = Piero_Falchetta | title = Fra Mauro's World Map | location = [[Турнаут|Turnhout]] | publisher=[[Brepols]] | year = 2006| url = |id=ISBN 2-503-51726-9| ref = CITEREFFalchetta2006}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = McKay| first = John| last2 = Hill| first2 = Bennet| last3 = Buckler| first3 = John| title = A History of Western Society| edition = Eighth| year = 2006| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Company]]|id=ISBN 0-618-52266-2| ref = CITEREFMcKayHillBuckler2006| pages = 506}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Bergreen| first = Laurence| authorlink = Laurence Bergreen| title = Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x-PZdFbG6dEC| year = 2007| publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group| isbn = 9780307267696| ref = CITEREFBergreen2007}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Power| first = Eileen Edna | title = Medieval People| publisher = BiblioBazaar| year = 2007| isbn = 978-1-4264-6777-6| ref = CITEREFPower2007}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Winchester| first = Simon| authorlink = Simon Winchester| title = The Man Who Loved China: Joseph Needham and the Making of a Masterpiece| location = New York| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]| date = 6. 5. 2008| isbn = 978-0-06-088459-8| ref = CITEREFWinchester2008}}

* {{cite book| ref = harv| last = Basil| first = Lubbock| authorlink = Basil Lubbock | title = The Colonial Clippers| publisher = Read Books| year = 2008| isbn = 978-1-4437-7119-1| ref = CITEREFLubbock2008}}

* {{cite book| last = Brook| first=Timothy | authorlink = Timothy Brook | url=https://books.google.com/?id=b80ePdTYWXoC&pg=PA24&dq=Marco+Polo+Korcula#v=onepage&q=Marco%20Polo%20Korcula&f=false | title=The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties | year = 2010| publisher=Harvard University Press |id=ISBN 0-674-04602-1}}

* {{citation| title = Marco Polo i njegov Le Divisiment dou monde (Opis svijeta): fikcija i fakcija u književnoj historiografiji|trans-title=Marco Polo and his Description of the world: fact and fiction in the history of literature| url = http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?lang=en&rad=753305| first = Željana| last = Puljiz-Šostik| publisher = Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb| location = Zagreb| year = 2015| language = Croatian}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| url = https://books.google.com/?id=VovVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = The Travels of Marco Polo| last = Polo| first = Marco| editor = Marsden, William| year = 1918| publisher = J.M. Dent & Sons| edition = |location=London|id=| pages = 461}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Hart| first = H. Henry| authorlink = Henry Hart (author)| title = Marco Polo, Venetian Adventurer| publisher = Kessinger Publishing| year = 1948| ref = CITEREFHart1948}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| title = In Xanadu| author = [[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, William]]| year = 1989}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Daftary| first = Farhad| title = The Assassin legends: myths of the Ismaʻilis| edition = 2| publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]| year = 1994| isbn = 978-1-85043-705-5| ref = CITEREFDaftary1994| pages = 213}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Otfinoski| first = Steven| title = Marco Polo: to China and back| year = 2003| publisher = Benchmark Books| location = New York|id=ISBN 0-7614-1480-0| ref = CITEREFOtfinoski2003}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Polo| first = Marco| author2 = Rustichello of Pisa | title = The Travels of Marco Polo – Volume 1 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10636 | publisher = Project Gutenberg | year = 2004| accessdate = 2. 4. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| last = Polo| first = Marco| author2 = Rustichello of Pisa| title = The Travels of Marco Polo – Volume 2| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12410 | publisher = Project Gutenberg | date = 1. 5. 2004 | accessdate = 2. 4. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book| ref = harv| title = Daughter of Xanadu| last = Yang| first = Dori Jones| authorlink = Dori Jones Yang| publisher = Delacorte Press Books for Young Readers| year = 2011| isbn = 978-0-385-73923-8}} (Young Adult novel)

* {{Internet Archive author | sname = Marco Polo}}