Филозофија — разлика између измена

'''Филозофија''' је наука која се бави општим и темељним проблемима у вези са [[стварност|стварношћу]], [[Онтологија|постојањем]], [[Епистемологија|знањем]], [[Аксиологија|вредностима]], [[Логика|разумом]], [[филозофија духа|умом]] и [[филозофија језика|језиком]].{{sfn|Teichman|Evans|1999|p=1}}<ref name="philosophical">{{Cite book|editor=A.C. Grayling | author = A.C. Grayling | chapter = Editor's Introduction | title = Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject| publisher = Oxford University Press | volume = vol. 1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DyIiAQAAIAAJ | year=1999| isbn= 978-0198752431| quote = The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value. Other human endeavors explore aspects of these same questions, not least art and literature, but it is philosophy that mounts a direct assault upon them...| pages=1-}}</ref> [[Милан Вујаклија#Лексикон страних речи и израза|Лексикон страних речи и израза]] дефинише филозофију као „мудрост, научни рад на изграђивању општег погледа на свет и сам тај поглед на свет“.<ref name=autogenerated1>[[Милан Вујаклија]]; Лексикон страних речи и израза (издање из 1980); pp. 987.</ref>

Реч ''филозофија'' долази из [[старогрчки језик|старогрчког]] φιλοσοφία {{јез-лат|philosophia}} што у буквалном преводу значи ''љубав према мудрости''.<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=philosophy&searchmode=none | title = Online Etymology Dictionary | publisher = Etymonline.com |date=| accessdate=22. 08. 2010}}</ref><ref name="Webster's New World Dictionary">The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe".{{Cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary | edition = Second College}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 /> [[Питагора|Питагори]] се приписују речи ''филозоф'' и ''филозофија''. Реч је уведена као супротност [[Софиста|софистима]] — мудрацима важним у [[Античка Грчка|античкој Грчкој]] који су продавали своје знање као учитељи — док се филозофи, као ''људи који воле мудрост'', нису бавили мудрошћу због новца.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism| year=2011| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn= 978-0-19-983680-2|editor-last=Greco|editor-first=John| edition = 1st| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=Ozv0lftrUeEC}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking Things Through: An Introduction to Philosophical Issues and Achievements| last=Glymour| first = Clark| year=2015| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=G4lLCAAAQBAJ}}| publisher = A Bradford Book| isbn= 978-0-262-52720-0| edition = 2nd| chapter = Chapters 1–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepcont/| title = Contemporary Skepticism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy| website = www.iep.utm.edu| accessdate=25. 04. 2016}}</ref>

Историјски, филозофија је обухватала све облике знања.<ref name="auto23">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=philosophy| title = Philosophy |date=| website= www.etymonline.com | publisher = Online Etymological Dictionary | accessdate=19. 03. 2016 | quote = The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."| author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref> Од времена античког грчког филозофа [[Аристотел]]а до 19. века, „[[природна филозофија]]“ је обухватала [[астрономија|астрономију]], [[медицина|медицину]] и [[физика|физику]].{{sfn|Lindberg|2007|p=3}} На пример, [[Исак Њутн|Њутнова]] књига из 1687. године се звала ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Математички принципи природне филозофије]]'', а касније је класификована као књига физике. У 19. веку је развој модерних [[Универзитет|истраживачких универзитета]] довео до професионализације и специјализације академске филозофије и других дисциплина.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Scientific Revolution| last=Shapin| first = Steven| year=1998| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=6BIr19MTXAMC}}| publisher = University Of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-75021-7| edition = 1st}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/?_r=0| title = When Philosophy Lost Its Way| last=Briggle| first = Robert Frodeman and Adam| website = Opinionator| accessdate=25. 04. 2016}}</ref> У модерно доба, нека истраживања која су традиционално била део филозофије су постала засебне академске дисциплине, укључујући [[психологија|психологију]], [[социологија|социологију]], [[лингвистика|лингвистику]] и [[економија|економију]].

Логика је грана филозофије која изучава идеалне [[метод]]е мишљења и испитивања; унутрашње и спољно посматрање, [[дедукција|дедукцију]] и [[Индукција (логика)|индукцију]], образовање [[хипотеза]] и [[експеримент]], [[анализа|анализу]] и [[синтеза|синтезу]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Science Delusion: Asking the Big Questions in a Culture of Easy Answers| last=White| first = Curtis| year=2014| url = {{google books | plainurl = y |id=e2mPgcXPNNIC}}| publisher = Melville House| isbn= 9781612193908| location = Brooklyn, N.Y.| language = English}}</ref>

Политичка филозофија је грана филозофије која у свом најапстрактнијем облику разматра концепте и аргументе преко којих се формира [[политика|политичка]] мисао.<ref name="Audi">Audi, Robert. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy - одредница ''political philosophy''. Cambridge University Press 1995. {{page| year=1999| isbn= 978-84-460-0956-6| pages=}}</ref> Дебата о значењу речи „политичко“ је један од највећих проблема политичке филозофије. У ширем схватању, под овим појмом се подразумева политичка пракса и институције од којих се састоји власт сваке државе.

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* {{Cite book|ref=harv| editor = A.C. Grayling | author = A.C. Grayling | chapter = Editor's Introduction | title = Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject| publisher = Oxford University Press | volume = vol. 1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DyIiAQAAIAAJ | year=1999| isbn= 978-0198752431| quote = The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value. Other human endeavors explore aspects of these same questions, not least art and literature, but it is philosophy that mounts a direct assault upon them...| pages=1-}}

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