Математика — разлика између измена

Изучавање структуре почиње са [[број]]евима, у почетку са [[природан број|природним бројевима]] и [[цели број|целим бројевима]].<ref name="OED">{{cite web|url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974 | title = mathematics, ''n.'' | publisher = Oxford University Press | work = Oxford English Dictionary | year=2012| accessdate=16. 06. 2012 | quote = The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.}}</ref> Основна правила за аритметичке операције су дефинисана у [[апстрактна алгебра|основној алгебри]] а додатна својства целих бројева се изучавају у [[теорија бројева|теорији бројева]]. Изучавање метода за решавање једначина је довело до развоја [[апстрактна алгебра|апстрактне алгебре]] која између осталог изучава [[прстен (математика)|прстенове]] и [[поље (математика)|поља]], структуре које генерализују особине које поседују бројеви.<ref name="Kneebone">{{Cite book|title=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey | publisher = Dover | author = Kneebone, G.T. | year=1963| pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4 4] | isbn= 978-0-486-41712-7| quote = Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.}}</ref> Физички важан концепт [[вектор]]а се изучава у [[линеарна алгебра|линеарној алгебри]].

У [[Вавилонска математика|вавилонској математици]] [[елементарна аритметика]] ([[сабирање]], [[одузимање]], [[множење]] и [[дељење]]) су се најраније појавили судећи по археолошким рекордима. [[Рачунање]] предатира [[писање]]. [[Бројевни систем|Вројевни системи]] су били многобројни и разноврсни. Прве познате записане бројеве су оставили [[Антички Египат|Египћани]] у текстовима током [[Средње краљевство|Средњег краљевства]] као што је [[Ахмесов папирус]].<ref>''Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs'', Richard Gillings, 1972, Dover Publications, New York. {{page| year=| isbn= 978-0-486-24315-3| pages=}}</ref>

Између 600 и 300 п. н. е. [[Стари Грци]] су почели систематско изучавање [[Грчка математика|математике]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&pg=PA1&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false | title = A History of Greek Mathematics: From Thales to Euclid| first = Thomas Little| last=Heath| year=1981| isbn= 978-0-486-24073-2| pages=}}</ref>

<ref name=devlin>Keith Devlin, ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library). {{page| year=1996| isbn= 978-0-7167-5047-5| pages=}}</ref>

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&pg=PA1&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false | title = A History of Greek Mathematics: From Thales to Euclid| first = Thomas Little| last=Heath| year=1981| isbn= 978-0-486-24073-2| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey | publisher = Dover | author = Kneebone, G.T. | year=1963| pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4 4] | isbn= 978-0-486-41712-7| quote = Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Franklin| first = James| chapter = Philosophy of Mathematics| editor = A.D. Irvine| title = Philosophy of Mathematics| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&pg=PA104| year=2009| publisher = Elsevier| isbn= 978-0-08-093058-9| pages=104}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research | publisher = Springer | last=Ziegler| first = Günter M.| authorlink = | year=2011| pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TATfteVeVYC&pg=PR7 7] | isbn= 978-3-642-19532-7| chapter = What Is Mathematics?}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = Applied Mathematics | publisher = Tata McGraw–Hill Education | author = Ramana | year=2007| pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2–PA10 2.10] | isbn= 978-0-07-066753-2| quote = The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=LaTorre| first = Donald R.| last2=Kenelly| first2 = John W. | last3=Reed| first3 = Iris B. | last4=Carpenter| first4 = Laurel R. | author5 = Cynthia R Harris | year=2011| pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2 2] | isbn= 978-1-4390-4957-0| title = Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change | publisher = Cengage Learning | quote = Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| author = Courant, Richard and Herbert Robbins| title = What Is Mathematics? : An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods| location = | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA; 2 edition (July 18)| year=1996| isbn= 978-0-19-510519-3| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Eves| first = Howard| title = An Introduction to the History of Mathematics| location = | publisher = Sixth Edition, Saunders| year=1990| isbn= 978-0-03-029558-4| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Kline| first = Morris| title = Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times| location = | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA; Paperback edition (March 1)| year=1990| isbn= 978-0-19-506135-2| pages=}}

* Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, ed. John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, Clarendon Press. {{page| year=1989| isbn= 978-0-19-861186-8| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Pappas| first = Theoni| title = The Joy Of Mathematics| location = | publisher = Wide World Publishing; Revised edition (June 1989)| year=| isbn= 978-0-933174-65-8| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Peterson| first = Ivars| title = Mathematical Tourist, New and Updated Snapshots of Modern Mathematics| location = | publisher = Owl Books| year=2001| isbn= 978-0-8050-7159-7| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| first = Karl R. | last=Popper| authorlink = | title = In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years | chapter = On knowledge | publisher = Routledge | year=1995| isbn= 978-0-415-13548-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Waltershausen| first = Wolfgang Sartorius von | authorlink = | title = Gauss zum Gedächtniss | year=1965| origyear=first published 1856 | publisher = Sändig Reprint Verlag H. R. Wohlwend | isbn= 978-3-253-01702-5| asin = B0000BN5SQ|id= }}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Benson| first = Donald C.| title = The Moment of Proof: Mathematical Epiphanies| location = | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (December 14)| year=2000| isbn= 978-0-19-513919-8| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Boyer| first = Carl B.| title = A History of Mathematics| location = | publisher = Wiley; 2nd edition, revised by Uta C. Merzbach, (March 6)| year=1991| isbn= 978-0-471-54397-8| pages=}}—A concise history of mathematics from the Concept of Number to contemporary Mathematics.

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Davis| first = Philip J. and Reuben Hersh| title = The Mathematical Experience| location = | publisher = Mariner Books; Reprint edition (January 14)| year=1999| isbn= 978-0-395-92968-1| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Gullberg| first = Jan| title = Mathematics – From the Birth of Numbers| location = | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company; 1st edition (October 1997)| year=| isbn= 978-0-393-04002-9| pages=}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| author = Jourdain, Philip E. B.| title = The Nature of Mathematics| location = | publisher = in ''The World of Mathematics'', James R. Newman, editor, Dover Publications| year=2003| isbn= 978-0-486-43268-7| pages=}}