Колката — разлика између измена

Распрострта у апроксимативно северно-јужном правцу дуж источне обале реке Хугхли, Колката лежи у доњем делу [[Ganges Delta|делте Ганга]] у источној Индији. Надморска висина града је {{convert|1.5|-|9|m|ft| abbr = on|0}}.<ref>{{cite web| title = PIA01844: space radar image of Calcutta, West Bengal, India| url = http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844| publisher = NASA| accessdate = 15. 1. 2012.| date = 15. 4. 1999.}}</ref> Већина града је првобитно била мочварни предео који је исушен током деценија како би се прилагодио популацији која је расла.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2008|p=33}} Преостале неразвијене области, познате као [[East Kolkata Wetlands|мочваре источне Колкате]], су заштићене „мочваре од међународног значаја” по [[Рамсарска конвенција|Рамсарској конвенцији]] (1975).<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 last= Roy Chadhuri| first1first=S.| last2 = Thakur| first2 = A. R.| title = Microbial genetic resource mapping of East Calcutta wetlands| journal = Current Science| volume =91| issue =2 | date = 25. 7. 2006.| publisher =Indian Academy of Sciences|ref=harv| pages = 212–17}}</ref> Као и већина [[Индо-ганшка низија|Индо-ганшких низија]], земљиште и вода су предоминантно [[Алувијално земљиште|алувијалног]] порекла. Колката је лоцирана на „Бенгалском сливу”, перикратонском терцијарном базену.<ref name="soil characterisation">{{cite conference | url = http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/articles/T01_03.pdf | title = Characterization of soil over Kolkata municipal area| first1 first= Diptendra | last1 last= Das| first2 = B. C.| last2 = Chattopadhyay| date = 17–19 December 2009| conference = Indian Geotechnical Conference | conferenceurl = http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/| volume = 1 | location = Guntur, India| format = PDF | accessdate = 19. 11. 2012. | pages = 11–12}}</ref> Бенгалски слив се састоји од три структурне јединице: спруд или платформа на западу; централни зглоб или прекид спруда/нагиба; и дубоки сливни пад на истоку и југоистоку. Колката је лоцирана на западној страни зглобне зоне која је око {{convert|25|km|mi| abbr = on}} широка са дубином од око 45000 m оспод површине.<ref name="soil characterisation" /> Зоне спруда и зглоба садрже мноштво раседа, неки од којих су активни. Укупна дебљина седимента испод Колкате је скоро 7500 m изнад [[Basement (geology)|кристалне основе]]; од чега су горњих {{convert|350|-|450|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}} [[квартар]]ни, чему следи {{convert|4500|-|5500|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}} [[терцијар]]них седимената, {{convert|500|-|700|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}} [[Trap rock|трапних]] остатака [[Креда (периода)|кредног]] трапа и {{convert|600|-|800|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}} [[Perm (perioda)|пермно]]-[[Карбон (периода)|карбонске]] [[Гондвана|гондванске]] стене.<ref name="soil characterisation" /> Квартарни седименти се састоје од глине, муља, и неколико класа песка и шљунка. Ти седименти су смештени између две глинене постеље: доње на дубини од {{convert|250|-|650|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}}, и горње око {{convert|10|-|40|m|ft| abbr = on|-1}} дебеле.<ref name="Bunting">{{Cite journal| last1 last= Bunting| first1 first= S. W.| last2 = Kundu| first2 = N.| last3 = Mukherjee| first3 = M.| publisher = Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling| location = Stirling, UK| url=http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/dfid/nrsp/download/sitanal.pdf| title = Situation analysis. Production systems and natural resources use in PU Kolkata| format = PDF| accessdate = 26. 4. 2006.| pages = 3}}</ref> Према [[Bureau of Indian Standards|Бироу индијских стандарда]], на скали са опсегом од {{nowrap|-{I}- до -{V}-}} растућег редоследа подложности земљотресима, град лежи унутар [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|сеизмичке зоне -{III}-]].<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web| url = http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf| title = Hazard profiles of Indian districts| accessdate = 23. 8. 2006.| format = PDF | work = National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management | publisher = [[UNDP]]| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf| archivedate = 19. 5. 2006.}}</ref>

Кише које доноси Бенгалско-заливска грана [[монсун|југозападних летњих монсуна]]<ref name="monsoontribune">{{Cite news| last1 last= Khichar| first1 first= M. L.| last2 = Niwas| first2 = R.| date = 14. 7. 2003.| title = Know your monsoon| newspaper = The Tribune| location = Chandigarh, India| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2| accessdate = 9. 6. 2007.}}</ref> ударају Колкату између јуна и септембра, доносећи јој највећи део годишњих падавина од {{Convert|1800|mm|in| abbr = on|0}}. Највише кише падне у јулу и августу. Град има око 2.528 сунчаних часова годишње, при чему до највећег [[Insolation|излагања сунцу]] долази у марту.<ref name="ESS">{{cite web| publisher = Gaia: Environmental Information System | url = http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/IND/CAL/CALmain.html | title=Calcutta: not 'the city of joy' | accessdate = 26. 4. 2006.}}</ref> Колката је била погођена са неколико циклона; чиме су обухваћени системи који су се одвили 1737 и 1864 кад је било више хиљада људских жртава.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bilham| first=Roger | year = 1994| title = The 1737 Calcutta earthquake and cyclone evaluated | journal = Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America | volume = 84| issue = 5| url = http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1737Calcutta.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 20. 7. 2011. |ref=harv| pages = 1650–57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bookharvnb| title = Report on the Calcutta cyclone of the 5th October 1864| last1 = Gastrell| first1 = James Eardley | first2=Henry Francis| last2 = Blanford| year = 1866| publisher pp= O.T. Cutter, Military Orphan Press| location = Calcutta | url = https://books.google.com/?id=3khBrTZHDM8C | accessdate = 20. 7. 2011.}}</ref>

|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|-{NOAA}-]]<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42807.TXT

|source 2 = [[India Meteorological Department|Индијски метереолошки департман]] (рекорно високе и ниске вредности до 2010.)<ref name = IMD2>{{cite web|url = https://www.webcitation.org/6GmnoaB0m

| title = Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures upto 2010|publisher = India Meteorological Department

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| title = Report on the Calcutta cyclone of the 5th October 1864| last1 last= Gastrell| first1 first= James Eardley | first2=Henry Francis| last2 = Blanford| year = 1866| publisher = O.T. Cutter, Military Orphan Press| location = Calcutta | url = https://books.google.com/?id=3khBrTZHDM8C | accessdate = 20. 7. 2011.}}

* {{Cite book |ref=harv| last = Chatterjee| first = S. N.| title = Water Resources, Conservation and Management| year = 2008| publisher = Atlantic Publishers and Distributors| location = New Delhi| isbn = 978-81-269-0868-4| pages = 33}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Chaudhuri| given = S| year = 1990| title = Calcutta: the living City| volume = I and II| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Kolkata| isbn = 978-0-19-562585-1}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Dutta

| isbn = 978-1-902669-59-5|publisher = Signal Books

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Mitra

| title = Calcutta diary|publisher = Frank Cass

| year = |isbn=978-0-7146-3082-3| pages =

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Mukherjee

| location = Kolkata|publisher = Government of West Bengal

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Roy

| title = City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty|publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]]

| year = |isbn=978-0-8166-3932-8| pages =

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Thomas

| title = Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense|publisher = M.E. Sharpe

| year = |isbn=978-1-56324-981-5| pages= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=shPmSQBGKRwC

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Lapierre

| title = La cité de la joie (The City of Joy)|publisher = Arrow

| year = |isbn=978-0-09-914091-7| pages= |url = https://books.google.com/books/about/City_Of_Joy.html?id=VbURK16m5ysC

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Singh| first = Malvika | year = 2011| title = Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India) | url = |location= | publisher = Academic Foundation | isbn = 978-81-7188-886-3| pages = 110}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Hazra| first = Indrajit | date = 1. 12. 2013. | title = Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata | url = |location= | publisher = Aleph Book Company | isbn = 978-93-82277-28-6| pages = 156}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Ghosh| first = Amitav | date = 22. 4. 2009. | title = Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery | url = |location= | publisher = Penguin India | isbn = 978-0-14-306655-2| pages = 200}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Deb| first = Binaya Krishna | year = 1905| title = The Early History and Growth of Calcutta | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Om8oAAAAYAAJ&dq=calcutta | location = Harvard University | publisher = Romesh Chandra Ghose|id=| pages = 278}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Chaudhuri| first = Sukanta | year = 1990| title = Calcutta, the Living City: The past| url = |location=the University of Michigan | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-562718-3| pages = 292}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Roy| first = Ananya | date = 1. 10. 2002. | title = City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty | url = |location= | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | isbn = 978-0-8166-3933-5| pages = 352}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Chatterjee| first1 first= Jayabrato | last2 = Khullar| first2 = Rupinder | date = 1. 1. 2004. | title = Kolkata: the dream city | url = |location= the University of Michigan| publisher = UBS Publishers' Distributors | isbn = 978-81-7476-471-3| pages = 93}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Moorhouse| first = Geoffrey | year = 1971| title = Calcutta | url = https://books.google.com/?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&dq=calcutta| location = |publisher=Penguin Books India | isbn = 978-0-14-009557-9| pages = 393}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Chatterjee| first = Partha | year = 2012| title = The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power | url = |location= | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-15201-1| pages = 425}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Chattopadhyay| first = Swati | year = 2005| title = Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny | url = |location= | publisher = Psychology Press | isbn = 978-0-415-34359-6| pages = 314}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Dey| first1 first= Ishita | last2 = Samaddar| first2 = Ranabir | year = 2016| title = Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination | url = |location= | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 9781134931378|author-link= | pages = 304}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Husain| first1 first= Zakir | last2 = Dutta| first2 = Mousumi | year = 2013| title = Women in Kolkata’s IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household | url = |location= | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | isbn = 9788132215936 |author-link= | pages = 133}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Bose| first = Pablo Shiladitya| year = 2015| title = Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata | url = |location= | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 9781317596738 |author-link= | pages = 178}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Ray| first1 first= Raka| last2 = Qayum| first2 = Seemin | year = 2009| title = Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India | url = |location= | publisher = Stanford University Press | isbn = 9780804760713 |author-link= | pages = 255}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Ghosh| first = Anindita | date = |title= Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860-1920| url = |location= | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0199464791 |author-link= | pages = 340}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Sanyal| first = Shukla | year = 2014| title = Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal | url = |location= | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 9781107065468 |author-link= | pages = 219}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Busteed| first = Henry Elmsley | year = 1888| title = Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey | url = |location= | publisher = Asian Educational Services | isbn = 9788120612952 |author-link= | pages = 359}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Fruzzetti| first1 first= Lina | last2 = Östör| first2 = Ákos | year = 2003| title = Calcutta Conversations | url = |location= | publisher = Orient Blackswan | isbn = 9788180280092 |author-link= | pages = 242}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Richards| first = E. P.| year = 2014| title = The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report | url = |location= | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 9781317617006 |author-link= | pages = 492}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last1 last= Chatterjee| first1 first= Arnab | last2 = Yarlagadda| first2 = Sudhakar | year = 2007| title = Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I | url = |location= | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | isbn = 9788847003897 |author-link= | pages = 248}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Sarkar| first = Tanika | date = |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades | url = |location= | publisher = Social Science Press | isbn = 978-9383166077 |author-link= | pages = 486}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Choudhury| first = Ranabir Ray | date = |title=A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth | url = |location= | publisher = Niyogi Books | isbn = 978-9385285288 |author-link= | pages = 564}}

* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last = Banerjee| first = Sumanta | year = 2016| title = Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization | url = |location= | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0199468102 |author-link= | pages = 192}}