Опека — разлика између измена
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Ред 5:
[[Датотека:Brickyard13.jpg|мини|250п|Опека спремна за одашиљање]]
[[Датотека:Rathsdorf Altgaul Ziegelofen.jpg|мини|250п|Стара пећ за израду опека у Врицен- Ратсдорфу у [[Немачка|Немачкој]]]]
'''Опека''' или '''цигла''' је зидни грађевни материјал који се добија формирањем, сушењем и печењем пластичне смесе [[глина|глиненог]] материјала, [[песак|песка]] и [[вода|воде]]. Опека је најмасовнији производ [[Керамика (материјал)|керамичке индустрије]].
Линија 68 ⟶ 69:
* Не смеју садржати слободног [[креч]]а
== Историја ==
=== Средњи исток и јужна Азија ===
[[File:Shebli2.jpg|thumb|upright|The brickwork of [[Shebeli Tower]] in [[Iran]] displays 12th-century craftsmanship]]
{{рут}}
The earliest bricks were ''dried brick'', meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at [[Tell Aswad]], in the upper [[Tigris]] region and in southeast [[Anatolia]] close to [[Diyarbakir]].<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://wikis.ifporient.org/archeologie/index.php/Tell_Aswad IFP Orient – Tell Aswad]. Wikis.ifporient.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</ref> The [[South Asia]]n inhabitants of [[Mehrgarh]] also constructed, and lived in, airdried [[mudbrick]] houses between 7000–3300 BC.<ref name=Possehl>Possehl, Gregory L. (1996)</ref> Other more recent findings, dated between 7,000 and 6,395 BC, come from [[Jericho]], [[Catal Hüyük]], the ancient Egyptian fortress of [[Buhen]], and the ancient [[Indus Valley]] cities of [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]],<ref name="BriOnl">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick/76609/History-of-brickmaking History of brickmaking], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> and [[Mehrgarh]].<ref>{{Citation|year=2005|title=Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities|journal=Scientific American|volume=15|pages=24–33|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0105-24sp|last1=Kenoyer|first1=Jonathan Mark}}</ref> Ceramic, or ''fired brick'' was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like [[Kalibangan]].<ref name="Ancient Bricks Anlysis">[https://www.academia.edu/1285495/Bricks_and_urbanism_in_the_Indus_Valley_rise_and_decline Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley]</ref>
== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|first=Philippe|last=Aragus|title=Brique et architecture dans l'Espagne médiévale|series=Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velazquez, 2|publication-place=Madrid|year=2003|language=French}}
* {{Citation|first1=James W.|last1=Campbell|first2=Will, photographer|last2=Pryce|title=Brick: a World History,|place=London & New York|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|year=2003}}
* {{Citation|editor1-first=Thomas|editor1-last=Coomands|editor2-first=Harry|title=Medieval Brick Architecture in Flanders and Northern Europe|chapter=Novii Monasterii, 7|publisher=Ten Duinen|place=Koksijde|year=2008|editor2-last=VanRoyen}}
* {{Citation|first1=Saikia Mimi|last1=Das|first2=Bhargab Mohan|last2=Das|first3=Madan Mohan| last3=Das|title=Elements of Civil Engineering|place=New Delhi|publisher=PHI Learning Private Limited|year=2010|isbn=978-81-203-4097-8}}
* {{Citation|first1=M.|last1=Kornmann|author2=CTTB|title=Clay Bricks and Roof [[Tile]]s, Manufacturing and Properties|place=Paris|publisher=Lasim|year=2007|isbn=2-9517765-6-X}}
* {{Citation|first1=Andrew|last1=Plumbridge|first2=Wim|last2=Meulenkamp|title=Brickwork. Architecture and Design|place=London|publisher=Seven Dials|year=2000|isbn=1-84188-039-6}}
* {{Citation |title= Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles|last=Dobson |first=E. A. |year=1850 |publisher= John Weale|location=London}}
* Hudson, Kenneth (1972) ''Building Materials''; chap. 3: Bricks and tiles. London: Longman; pp. 28–42
* {{Citation |last1=Lloyd |first1=N.|title=History of English Brickwork|year=1925 |publisher=H. Greville Montgomery |location= London}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Bricks}}
* -{[http://www.ochshorndesign.com/cornell/writings/brick.html Brick in 20th-Century Architecture]}-
* -{[http://www.gobrick.com Brick Industry Association] United States}-
* -{[http://www.brick.org.uk Brick Development Association] UK}-
* -{[http://www.thinkbrick.com.au Think Brick Australia]}-
* -{[http://www.ibcabrick.com/ International Brick Collectors Association]}-
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Грађевински материјали]]
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