Јоханес Дидерик ван дер Валс — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м Разне исправке |
. |
||
Ред 27:
'''Јоханес Дидерик ван дер Валс''' ({{јез-хол|Johannes Diderik van der Waals}}; [[Лајден]], [[23. новембар]] [[1837]] — [[Амстердам]], [[8. март]] [[1923]]) био је познати холандски [[физичар]] и [[математика|математичар]]. Област његовог интересовања је била [[термодинамика]]. Открио је да [[Međumolekulska sila|међумолекулске силе]] ([[Ван дер Валсова веза|Ван дер Валсове силе]]) успостављају везу између [[Притисак|притиска]], [[Запремина|запремине]] и [[Температура|температуре]] гасова и течности.
{{рут}}
His name is primarily associated with the [[van der Waals equation]] of [[Једначина стања|state]] that describes the behavior of gases and their condensation to the liquid [[Phase (matter)|phase]]. His name is also associated with [[van der Waals forces]] (forces between stable [[molecules]]),<ref>Parsegian, V. Adrian (2005). ''Van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists''. (Cambridge University Press), p. 2. “The first clear evidence of forces between what were soon to be called molecules came from Johannes Diderik van der Waals' 1873 Ph.D. thesis formulation of the pressure p, volume V, and temperature T of dense gases.”</ref> with [[van der Waals molecule]]s (small molecular clusters bound by van der Waals forces), and with [[van der Waals radius|van der Waals radii]] (sizes of molecules). As [[James Clerk Maxwell]] said about Van der Waals, "there can be no doubt that the name of Van der Waals will soon be among the foremost in [[molecular science]]."<ref name="JohannesVDW_Nobelprize.org">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-bio.html Johannes Diderik van der Waals - Biographical - Nobelprize.org]</ref>
In his 1873 thesis, van der Waals noted the [[ideal gas|non-ideality]] of [[real gases]] and attributed it to the existence of [[intermolecular interactions]]. He introduced the first [[equation of state]] derived by the assumption of a finite volume occupied by the constituent molecules.<ref name="van der Waals">{{cite book |author1=van der Waals |author2=J. D. | title=Over de continuiteit van den gas- en vloeistoftoestand (On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States) (doctoral dissertation) | publisher=Universiteit Leiden | year=1873}}</ref> Spearheaded by [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Wilhelm Ostwald]], a strong philosophical current that denied the existence of [[molecules]] arose towards the end of the 19th century. The molecular existence was considered unproven and the molecular hypothesis unnecessary. At the time van der Waals' thesis was written (1873), the [[molecular structure]] of [[fluids]] had not been accepted by most physicists, and [[liquid]] and [[vapor]] were often considered as chemically distinct. But van der Waals's work affirmed the reality of molecules and allowed an assessment of their size and [[Van der Waals forces|attractive strength]]. His new formula revolutionized the study of equations of state. By comparing [[Van der Waals equation of state|his equation of state]] with experimental data, Van der Waals was able to obtain estimates for the actual size of molecules and the strength of [[Van der Waals forces|their mutual attraction]].<ref>Sengers, Johanna Levelt (2002), p. 16</ref> The effect of Van der Waals's work on [[molecular physics]] in the 20th century was direct and fundamental.<ref>Kipnis, A. Ya.; Yavelov, B. E.; Rowlinson, J. S.: ''Van der Waals and Molecular Science''. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)</ref> By [[Van der Waals constants (data page)|introducing parameters]] characterizing molecular size and attraction in constructing his [[equation of state]], Van der Waals set the tone for modern [[molecular science]]. That molecular aspects such as size, shape, attraction, and [[intermolecular force|multipolar interactions]] should form the basis for mathematical formulations of the thermodynamic and transport properties of [[fluids]] is presently considered an axiom.<ref>Sengers, Johanna Levelt (2002), p. 255-256</ref> With the help of the van der Waals's equation of state, the critical-point parameters of gases could be accurately predicted from thermodynamic measurements made at much higher temperatures. [[liquid nitrogen|Nitrogen]], [[liquid oxygen|oxygen]], [[liquid hydrogen|hydrogen]], and [[liquid helium|helium]] subsequently succumbed to [[liquefaction of gases|liquefaction]]. [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] was significantly influenced by the pioneer work of van der Waals. In 1908, Onnes became the first to make [[liquid helium]]; this led directly to his 1911 discovery of [[superconductivity]].<ref>Blundell, Stephen: ''Superconductivity: A Very Short Introduction''. (Oxford University Press, 1st edition, 2009, p. 20)</ref>
Добитник је [[Нобелова награда за физику|Нобелове награде за физику]] за [[1910]]. за допринос теорији стања гасова и течности.<ref name="JohannesVDW_Nobelprize.org">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-bio.html Johannes Diderik van der Waals - Biographical - Nobelprize.org]</ref>▼
▲Van der Waals started his career as a school teacher. He became the first [[physics]] professor of the [[University of Amsterdam]] when in 1877 the old Athenaeum was upgraded to Municipal University. Добитник је [[Нобелова награда за физику|Нобелове награде за физику]] за [[1910]]. за допринос [[Једначина стања|теорији стања]] гасова и течности.<ref name="JohannesVDW_Nobelprize.org">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-bio.html Johannes Diderik van der Waals - Biographical - Nobelprize.org]</ref>
== Види још ==
| |||