Spermatophyta — разлика између измена

Биљке са сјеменом су традиционално подељене на [[angiosperm]], или цвјетне биљке и [[gymnosperm]], што укључује gnetophytes, цикаде, гинко и четинаре. Старије морфолошке студије су вјеровале у блиски однос између gnetophytes и angiosperms,<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal|url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | title = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view |first=Jeffrey D. |last=Palmer|authorlink=Jeffrey D. Palmer |first2=Douglas E. |last2=Soltis |first3=Mark W. |last3=Chase |authorlink3=Mark Wayne Chase | journal = American Journal of Botany |year=2004 | volume = 91 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 | issue=10 | pmid = 21652302|pages=1437-1445}}</ref> посебно због проводних елемената кроз које пролази вода у биљкама. Међутим, молекуларне студије (и неки новији морфолошки<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society | title = Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms |author = James A. Doyle | volume = 133 | issue = 1 |date=January 2006 | doi = 10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2 | issn = 1095-5674 |pages=169-209}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coiro|first=Mario|last2=Chomicki|first2=Guillaume|last3=Doyle|first3=James A.|date=n.d.|title=Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales|journal=Paleobiology|volume=44|issue=3|language=en|doi=10.1017/pab.2018.23|issn=0094-8373|pages=490-510}}</ref> и фосилни<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/2/281 | title = A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny |author = Zi-Qiang Wang | journal = Annals of Botany |year=2004 | volume = 94 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mch138 | pmid = 15229124 | pmc = 4242163 |pages=281-288}}</ref> научни радови) су генерално показали [[Кладус|кладу]] gymnosperm, са гнетофитима у или близу четинара. На пример, један заједнички предложени скуп односа познат је као ''хипотеза о гне-бор'' и изгледа овако:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chaw | first = Shu-Miaw | last2=Parkinson | first2 = Christopher L. | last3=Cheng | first3 = Yuchang | last4=Vincent | first4 = Thomas M. | last5=Palmer | first5 = Jeffrey D. |authorlink5=Jeffrey D. Palmer|year=2000 | title = Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 97 | issue = 8| doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086 | pmid=10760277 | pmc=18157|pages=4086-4091}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bowe | first = L. M.| last2=Michelle | first2 = L. | last3=Coat | first3 = Gwénaële | last4=Claude |year=2000 | title = Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 97 | issue = 8| doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4092 | pmid=10760278 | pmc=18159|pages=4092-4097}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Soltis | first = Douglas E. | last2=Soltis | first2 = Pamela S. | last3=Zanis | first3 = Michael J. |year=2002 | title = Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes | url = http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670 | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 10 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670 | pmid = 21665594 | deadurl url-status= yesdead | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20120710153219/http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670 | archive-date=10. 7. 2012. | df = |pages=1670-1681}}</ref>