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Ред 3:
'''Клер''' је један од назива за '''[[свештенство]]'''. Углавном се користи у [[Римокатоличка црква|Римокатоличкој цркви]], док је у [[Православље|Православној]] одговарајући термин ''„клир“''. Од ове речи изведен је и појам [[клерикализам]].
== Етимологија ==
{{рут}}
Реч „клер” потиче одe [[ecclesiastical Latin|црквене латинске]] речи -{''Clericus''}-, for those belonging to the priestly class. In turn, the source of the Latin word is from the [[Ecclesiastical Greek]] ''Klerikos'' (κληρικός), meaning appertaining to an inheritance, in reference to the fact that the [[Levitical]] priests of the [[Old Testament]] had no inheritance except the Lord.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cleric |title=cleric |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |author=Douglas Harper}}</ref> "Clergy" is from two [[Old French]] words, ''clergié'' and ''clergie'', which refer to those with learning and derive from [[Medieval Latin]] ''clericatus'', from [[Late Latin]] ''clericus'' (the same word from which "cleric" is derived).<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=clergy |title=clergy |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |author=Douglas Harper}}</ref> "Clerk", which used to mean one ordained to the ministry, also derives from ''clericus''. In the Middle Ages, reading and writing were almost exclusively the domain of the priestly class, and this is the reason for the close relationship of these words.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=clerk |title=clerk |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |author=Douglas Harper}}</ref> Within [[Christianity]], especially in [[Eastern Christianity]] and formerly in Western [[Roman Catholicism]], the term ''cleric'' refers to any individual who has been ordained, including [[deacon]]s, [[priest]]s, and [[bishop]]s.<ref name=cathenc>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04049b.htm Cleric] - ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''</ref> In [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Roman Catholicism]], the [[tonsure]] was a prerequisite for receiving any of the [[minor orders]] or [[major orders]] before the tonsure, [[minor orders]], and the [[subdiaconate]] were abolished following the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref>Paul VI, Apostolic letter ''motu proprio'' ''Ministeria quaedam'' nos. 2–4, 64 AAS 529 (1972).</ref> Now, the clerical state is tied to reception of the diaconate.<ref>''Ministeria quaedam'' no. 1; CIC Canon 266 § 1.</ref> [[Minor Orders]] are still given in the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and those who receive those orders are 'minor clerics.'<ref>CCEO Canon 327; George Nedungatt, ''Clerics'', ''in'' A Guide to the Eastern Code 255, 260 (2002).</ref>
== Будизам ==
[[File:Dalai Lama 1430 Luca Galuzzi 2007crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[14th Dalai Lama]], Tenzin Gyatso in 2007]]
[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] clergy are often collectively referred to as the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]], and consist of various orders of male and female monks (originally called [[bhikshu]]s and [[bhikshuni]]s respectively). This diversity of monastic orders and styles was originally one community founded by [[Gautama Buddha]] during the 5th century BC living under a common set of rules (called the [[Vinaya]]). According to scriptural records, these celibate monks and nuns in the time of the Buddha lived an austere life of meditation, living as wandering beggars for nine months out of the year and remaining in retreat during the rainy season (although such a unified condition of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism]] is questioned by some scholars). However, as Buddhism spread geographically over time - encountering different cultures, responding to new social, political, and physical environments - this single form of Buddhist monasticism diversified. The interaction between Buddhism and Tibetan [[Bon]] led to a uniquely [[Tibetan Buddhism]], within which various sects, based upon certain teacher-student lineages arose. Similarly, the interaction between Indian Buddhist monks (particularly of the Southern [[Madhyamika]] School) and Chinese [[Confucian]] and [[Taoist]] monks from c200-c900AD produced the distinctive [[Ch'an]] Buddhism. Ch'an, like the Tibetan style, further diversified into various sects based upon the transmission style of certain teachers (one of the most well known being the 'rapid enlightenment' style of [[Linji Yixuan]]), as well as in response to particular political developments such as the [[An Lushan Rebellion]] and the Buddhist persecutions of [[Emperor Wuzong of Tang|Emperor Wuzong]]. In these ways, manual labour was introduced to a practice where monks originally survived on alms; layers of garments were added where originally a single thin robe sufficed; etc. This adaptation of form and roles of Buddhist monastic practice continued after the transmission to Japan. For example, monks took on administrative functions for the Emperor in particular secular communities (registering births, marriages, deaths), thereby creating Buddhist 'priests'. Again, in response to various historic attempts to suppress Buddhism (most recently during the [[Meiji Era]]), the practice of celibacy was relaxed and Japanese monks allowed to marry. This form was then transmitted to [[Korea]], during later Japanese occupation,<ref>[[Korean Buddhism#Buddhism during Japanese colonial rule]]</ref> where celibate and non-celibate monks today exist in the same sects. (Similar patterns can also be observed in Tibet during various historic periods multiple forms of monasticism have co-existed such as "[[ngagpa]]" lamas, and times at which celibacy was relaxed). As these varied styles of Buddhist monasticism are transmitted to Western cultures, still more new forms are being created.
== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
===Свештенство уопште===
* Aston, Nigel. ''Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804'' (CUA Press, 2000)
* Bremer, Francis J. ''Shaping New Englands: Puritan Clergymen in Seventeenth-Century England and New England'' (Twayne, 1994)
* Dutt, Sukumar. ''Buddhist monks and monasteries of India'' (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1962)
* [[Nancy Farriss|Farriss, Nancy Marguerite]]. ''Crown and clergy in colonial Mexico, 1759-1821: The crisis of ecclesiastical privilege'' (Burns & Oates, 1968)
* Ferguson, Everett. ''The Early Church at Work and Worship: Volume 1: Ministry, Ordination, Covenant, and Canon'' (Casemate Publishers, 2014)
* Freeze, Gregory L. ''The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform'' (Princeton University Press, 1983)
* Haig, Alan. ''The Victorian Clergy'' (Routledge, 1984), in England
* Holifield, E. Brooks. ''God's ambassadors: a history of the Christian clergy in America'' (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007), a standard scholarly history
* Lewis, Bonnie Sue. ''Creating Christian Indians: Native Clergy in the Presbyterian Church'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 2003)
* Marshall, Peter. ''The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation'' (Clarendon Press, 1994)
* Osborne, Kenan B. ''Priesthood: A history of ordained ministry in the Roman Catholic Church'' (Paulist Press, 1989), a standard scholarly history
* Parry, Ken, ed. ''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2010)
* Sanneh, Lamin. "The origins of clericalism in West African Islam." ''The Journal of African History'' 17.01 (1976): 49-72.
* Schwarzfuchs, Simon. ''A concise history of the rabbinate'' (Blackwell, 1993), a standard scholarly history
* Zucker, David J. ''American rabbis: Facts and fiction'' (Jason Aronson, 1998)
=== Женско свештенство ===
* Amico, Eleanor B., ed. ''Reader's Guide to Women's Studies'' ( Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998), pp 131–33; historiography
* Collier-Thomas, Bettye. ''Daughters of Thunder: Black Women Preachers and Their Sermons'' (1997).
* Flowers, Elizabeth H. ''Into the Pulpit: Southern Baptist Women and Power Since World War II'' (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2012)
* Maloney, Linda M. "Women in Ministry in the Early Church." ''New Theology Review'' 16.2 (2013). [http://www.newtheologyreview.com/index.php/ntr/article/viewFile/328/503 online]
* Ruether, Rosemary Radford. "Should Women Want Women Priests or Women-Church?." ''Feminist Theology'' 20.1 (2011): 63-72.
* Tucker, Ruth A. and Walter L. Liefeld. ''Daughters of the Church: Women and Ministry from New Testament Times to the Present'' (1987), historical survey of female Christian clergy
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Clergy}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Priesthood}}
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/church-administration "Church Administration"] - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065132/http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/c/clergy Wlsessays.net], Scholarly articles on Christian Clergy from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720110055/http://www.uwest.edu/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=362 University of the West], Buddhist M.Div.
* [http://www.naropa.edu/academics/graduate/madivinity/index.cfm Naropa University], Buddhist M.Div.
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