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'''Zdrav razum''' je sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to [[Perception|perceive]], [[Nous|understand]], and [[Phronesis|judge]] that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.<ref>''[[Merriam-Webster]]'' gives: "sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts." [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/common+sense], Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. The [[Cambridge Dictionary]] defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way."[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/common-sense], Cambridge Dictionaries Online. {{harvtxt|van Holthoorn|Olson|1987|page=9}} say that "common sense consists of knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection or argument." C.S. {{harvtxt|Lewis|1967|page=146}} wrote that what common sense "often means" is "the elementary mental outfit of the normal man."</ref> The first type of common sense, good sense, can be described as "the knack for seeing things as they are, and doing things as they ought to be done". The second type is sometimes described as [[folk wisdom]], "signifying unreflective knowledge not reliant on specialized training or deliberative thought". The two types are intertwined, as the person who has common sense is in touch with common-sense ideas, which emerge from the lived experiences of those commonsensical enough to perceive them.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Emotional Common Sense as Constitutional Law|volume=62|pages=851|date=2009|journal=Vanderbilt Law Review|author=Maroney, Terry A.}}</ref>▼
 
▲'''Zdrav razum''' je sounddobro practicalpraktično judgmentrasuđivanje concerningu everydaypogledu matterssvakodnevnih stvari, orili aosnovna basic ability tosposobnost [[Perception|perceiveopažanja]], [[Nous|understandrazumevanja]], andi [[Phronesis|judgeprosuđivanja]] thatkoju isdele sharedskoro by ("common to") nearly allsvi peopleljudi.<ref>''[[Merriam-Webster]]'' gives: "sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts." [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/common+sense], Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. The [[Cambridge Dictionary]] defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way."[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/common-sense], Cambridge Dictionaries Online. {{harvtxt|van Holthoorn|Olson|1987|page=9}} say that "common sense consists of knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection or argument." C.S. {{harvtxt|Lewis|1967|page=146}} wrote that what common sense "often means" is "the elementary mental outfit of the normal man."</ref> ThePrvi firsttip typezdravog ofrazuma, commondobar senserazum, goodmože sense,se canopisati bekao described„smisao asza "theviđenje knackstvari foronakvima seeingkakve thingsjesu asi theyda are,se andradi doingonako thingskako asbi theytrebalo oughtda tose be done"radi”. TheDrugi secondtip typese isponekad sometimesopisuje described askao [[folkФолклор|narodna wisdommudrost]], "signifying„koja unreflectiveoznačava knowledgenereflektivno notznanje reliantkoje onnije specializedzavisno trainingod orspecijalizovanog deliberativetreninga thought"ili promišljene misli”. TheDve twotipa typessu are intertwinedisprepletena, asjer theje personosoba whokoja hasima commonzdrav senserazum isu indodiru touchsa withidejama common-sensezdravog ideasrazuma, whichkoje emergeproističu fromiz theproživljenih livediskustava experiencesosoba ofkoje thosesu commonsensicaldovoljno enoughzdravorazumne toda perceiveiz themsponaju.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Emotional Common Sense as Constitutional Law|volume=62|pages=851|date=2009|journal=Vanderbilt Law Review|author=Maroney, Terry A.}}</ref>
In a psychology context, Smedslund defines common sense as "the system of implications shared by the competent users of a language" and notes, "A proposition in a given context belongs to common sense if and only if all competent users of the language involved agree that the proposition in the given context is true and that its negation is false."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smedslund, Jan|title=Common sense as psychosocial reality: A reply to Sjöberg|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology|date=September 1982|volume=23|issue=1|pages=79–82|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00416.x}}</ref>▼
 
▲InU apsihološkom psychology contextkontekstu, Smedslund definesdefiniše commonzdrav senserazum askao "the„sistem systemimplikacija ofkoje implications shared by the competent users of a language" and notes,kompetentni "Akorisnici propositionnekog injezika adele” giveni contextnapominje: belongs„Predlog tou commondatom sensekontekstu ifpripada andzdravom onlyrazumu ifako alli competentsamo usersako ofse thesvi languagekompetentni involvedkorisnici agreeupotrebljenog thatjezika theslažu propositionda inje thetvrdnja givenu contextdatom iskontekstu truetačna andi thatda itsje negationnjena isnegacija falselažna."”<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smedslund, Jan|title=Common sense as psychosocial reality: A reply to Sjöberg|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Psychology|date=September 1982|volume=23|issue=1|pages=79–82|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00416.x}}</ref>
The everyday understanding of common sense derives from historical philosophical discussion involving several European languages. Related terms in other languages include Latin ''{{lang|la|sensus communis}}'', Greek {{lang|grc|αἴσθησις κοινὴ}} (''{{transl|grc|aísthēsis koinḕ}}''), and French ''{{lang|fr|bon sens}}'', but these are not straightforward translations in all contexts. Similarly in English, there are different shades of meaning, implying more or less education and wisdom: "good sense" is sometimes seen as equivalent to "common sense", and sometimes not.<ref>For example, [[Thomas Reid]] contrasted common sense and good sense to some extent. See {{harvtxt|Wierzbicka|2010|page=340}}.</ref>▼
[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|right|Aristotle, the first person known to have discussed "common sense", described it as the ability with which animals (including humans) process sense-perceptions, memories and imagination ({{lang|grc|φρονεῖν}}, {{transl|grc|phroneîn}}) in order to reach many types of basic judgments. In his scheme, only humans have real reasoned thinking ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:νοεῖν#Ancient Greek|νοεῖν]]}}, {{transl|grc|noeîn}}), which takes them beyond their common sense.]]▼
"Common sense" also has at least two specifically philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the animal soul ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ψυχή#Ancient Greek|ψῡχή]]}}, {{transl|grc|psūkhḗ}}) proposed by [[Aristotle]], which enables different individual senses to collectively perceive the characteristics of physical things such as movement and size, which all physical things have in different combinations, allowing people and other animals to distinguish and identify physical things. This common sense is distinct from basic sensory perception and from human rational thinking, but cooperates with both.
 
▲TheSvakodnevno everydayrazumevanje understandingzdravog ofrazuma commonproističe senseiz derivesistorijske fromfilozofske historicalrasprave philosophicalkoja discussionobuhvata involvingnekoliko severalevropskih European languagesjezika. RelatedSrodni termsizrazi inna otherdrugim languagesjezicima includeuključuju Latinlatinski ''{{lang|la|sensus communis}}'', Greekgrčki {{lang|grc|αἴσθησις κοινὴ}} (''{{transl|grc|aísthēsis koinḕ}}''), andi Frenchfrancuski ''{{lang|fr|bon sens}}'', butali these areto notnisu straightforwarddirektni translationsprevodi inu allsvim contextskontekstima. SimilarlySlično intome English,u thereengleskom arejeziku differentpostoje shadesrazličite ofnijanse meaningznačenja, implyingkoje impliciraju moreviše orili lessmanje educationobrazovanje andi wisdommudrost: "good„dobar sense"razum” isse sometimesponekad seensmatra asekvivalentnim equivalent„zdravom torazumu”, "commona sense",ponekad andto sometimesnije notslučaj.<ref>For example, [[Thomas Reid]] contrasted common sense and good sense to some extent. See {{harvtxt|Wierzbicka|2010|page=340}}.</ref>
The second special use of the term is Roman-influenced and is used for the natural human sensitivity for other humans and the community.<ref>The ''[[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]'' of 1973 gives four meanings of "common sense": An archaic meaning is "An internal sense which was regarded as the common bond or centre of the five senses"; "Ordinary, normal, or average understanding" without which a man would be "foolish or insane", "the general sense of mankind, or of a community" (two sub-meanings of this are good sound practical sense and general sagacity); A philosophical meaning, the "faculty of primary truths".</ref> Just like the everyday meaning, both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge that most people are expected to share naturally, even if they cannot explain why.▼
 
▲[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|right|AristotleAristotl, theprva firstosoba personza knownkoju toje havepoznato discussedda "commonje sense"diskutovao „zdrav razum”, describedopisao itga asje thekao abilitysposobnost withsa whichkojom animalsživotinje (includinguključujući humansljude) processobrađuju sense-perceptionssenzorne percepcije, memoriesmemorije andi imaginationmaštu ({{lang|grc|φρονεῖν}}, {{transl|grc|phroneîn}}) inda orderbi todošle reachdo manymnogih typestipova ofosnovnih basic judgmentsprosuđivanja. InU hisnjegovoj scheme,shemi onlysamo humansljudi haveimaju realstvarno reasonedargumentirano thinkingrazmišljanje ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:νοεῖν#Ancient Greek|νοεῖν]]}}, {{transl|grc|noeîn}}), whichšto takesih themizvodi beyondizvan theirnjihovog commonzdravog senserazuma.]]
All these meanings of "common sense", including the everyday ones, are interconnected in a complex history and have evolved during important political and philosophical debates in modern [[Western civilisation]], notably concerning science, politics and economics.<ref>See the body of this article concerning (for example) Descartes, Hobbes, Adam Smith, and so on. [[Thomas Paine]]'s pamphlet named ''"[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]"'' was an influential publishing success during the period leading up to the [[American revolution]].</ref> The interplay between the meanings has come to be particularly notable in English, as opposed to other western European languages, and the English term has become international.<ref>See for example {{Harvtxt|Rosenfeld|2011|page=282}}; {{harvtxt|Wierzbicka|2010}}; and {{harvtxt|van Kessel|1987|page=117}}: "today the Anglo-Saxon concept prevails almost everywhere".</ref>▼
„Zdrav razum” takođe ima najmanje dva posebna filozofska značenja. Jedno je sposobnost životinjske duše ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ψυχή#Ancient Greek|ψῡχή]]}}, {{transl|grc|psūkhḗ}}) koju je predložio [[Aristotel]], a koja omogućava različitim individualnim čulima da kolektivno opažaju karakteristike fizičkih stvari, kao što su kretanje i veličina, koje sve fizičke stvari imaju u različitim kombinacijama, omogućavajući ljudima i drugim životinjama da razlikuju i identifikuju fizičke stvari. Ovaj zdrav razum razlikuje se od osnovne čulne percepcije i od ljudskog racionalnog razmišljanja, ali sarađuje sa obema.
 
▲TheDruga secondposebna specialupotreba usetermina ofje thepod termuticajem isRima Roman-influencedi andkoristi isse usedza forprirodnu theljudsku naturalosetljivost humanza sensitivitydruge forljude otheri humans and the communityzajednice.<ref>The ''[[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]'' of 1973 gives four meanings of "common sense": An archaic meaning is "An internal sense which was regarded as the common bond or centre of the five senses"; "Ordinary, normal, or average understanding" without which a man would be "foolish or insane", "the general sense of mankind, or of a community" (two sub-meanings of this are good sound practical sense and general sagacity); A philosophical meaning, the "faculty of primary truths".</ref> JustBaš likekao thei everydaysvakodnevni meaningsmisao, bothi ofjedno thesei referdrugo tose aodnosi typena ofvrstu basicosnovne awarenesssvesti andi abilitysposobnosti toprocene judgekoje thatse mostod peoplevećine areljudi expectedprirodno toočekuju, sharečak naturally,i evenako ifne theymogu cannotda explainobjasne whyzašto.
Since the [[Age of Enlightenment]] the term "common sense" has frequently been used for [[rhetoric]]al effect, sometimes pejorative, and sometimes appealed to positively, [[Argument from authority|as an authority]]. It can be negatively equated to vulgar [[prejudice]] and [[superstition]], it is often positively contrasted to them as a standard for [[good taste]] and as the source of the most basic [[axiom]]s needed for science and logic.<ref name="hund">{{harvtxt|Hundert|1987}}</ref> It was at the beginning of the eighteenth century that this old philosophical term first acquired its modern English meaning: "Those plain, self-evident truths or conventional wisdom that one needed no sophistication to grasp and no proof to accept precisely because they accorded so well with the basic (common sense) intellectual capacities and experiences of the whole social body" <ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=Sophia|title=Common sense : a political history.|date=2014|publisher=Harvard Univ Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9780674284166|page=23}}</ref>
 
This began with [[René Descartes|Descartes]]' criticism of it, and what came to be known as the dispute between "[[rationalism]]" and "[[empiricism]]". In the opening line of one of his most famous books, ''[[Discourse on Method]]'', Descartes established the most common modern meaning, and its controversies, when he stated that everyone has a similar and sufficient amount of common sense ({{lang|fr|bon sens}}), but it is rarely used well. Therefore, a skeptical logical method described by Descartes needs to be followed and common sense should not be overly relied upon.<ref>{{harvtxt|Descartes|1901}} Part I of the ''Discourse on Method''. NOTE: The term in French is "{{lang|fr|bon sens}}" sometimes translated as "good sense".</ref> In the ensuing 18th century [[Enlightenment era|Enlightenment]], common sense came to be seen more positively as the basis for modern thinking. It was contrasted to [[metaphysics]], which was, like [[Cartesianism]], associated with the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}}. [[Thomas Paine]]'s polemical pamphlet ''[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]'' (1776) has been described as the most influential political pamphlet of the 18th century, affecting both the [[American revolution|American]] and [[French revolution]]s.<ref name="hund" /> Today, the concept of common sense, and how it should best be used, remains linked to many of the most perennial topics in [[epistemology]] and [[ethics]], with special focus often directed at the philosophy of the modern [[social sciences]].
▲AllSva theseova meaningsznačenja of„zdravog "common sense"razuma”, includinguključujući thesvakodnevna, everydaymeđusobno ones,su arepovezana interconnectedu insloženoj aistoriji complexi historyrazvila andsu havese evolvedtokom duringvažnih importantpolitičkih politicali andfilozofskih philosophicalrasprava debatesu in modernmodernoj [[WesternZapadnjačka civilisationkultura|zapadnoj civilizaciji]], notablyposebno concerningu sciencevezi sa naukom, politicspolitikom andi economicsekonomijom.<ref>See the body of this article concerning (for example) Descartes, Hobbes, Adam Smith, and so on. [[Thomas Paine]]'s pamphlet named ''"[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]"'' was an influential publishing success during the period leading up to the [[American revolution]].</ref> TheMeđusobna interplaypovezanost betweenznačenja theje meaningsposebno hasuočljiva comeu tojezicima bepoput particularly notable in Englishengleskog, as opposed to other western European languages, and the English termkoji hassu becomepostali internationalmeđunarodni.<ref>See for example {{Harvtxt|Rosenfeld|2011|page=282}}; {{harvtxt|Wierzbicka|2010}}; and {{harvtxt|van Kessel|1987|page=117}}: "today the Anglo-Saxon concept prevails almost everywhere".</ref>
 
Od doba [[Просветитељство|prosvetiteljstva]], termin „zdrav razum”" često se koristio radi [[rhetoric|retoričkog]] efekata, ponekad pežorativno, a ponekad kao pozitivno apeliranje na [[Argument from authority|autoritet]]. On se može negativno izjednačiti sa vulgarnim [[predrasuda]]ma i [[praznoverje]]m. On im se često pozitivno suprotstavlja kao standard za [[Taste (sociology)|dobar ukus]] i kao izvor najosnovnijih [[aksioma]] potrebnih nauci i logici.<ref name="hund">{{harvtxt|Hundert|1987}}</ref> Početkom osamnaestog veka ovaj stari filozofski termin prvi put je stekao svoje moderno značenje: „Te obične, samorazumljive istine ili konvencionalna mudrost, za koje nije potrebna nikakva sofisticiranost da bi se shvatile i nijedan dokaz da bi se precizno prihvatile, jer su tako dobro pristajale sa osnovnim (zdravo razumnim) intelektualnim kapacitetima i iskustvima celokupnog društvenog tela.”<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=Sophia|title=Common sense : a political history.|date=2014|publisher=Harvard Univ Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9780674284166|page=23}}</ref> Ovo je počelo [[Рене Декарт|Dekartovom]] kritikom o tome, i onim što je postalo poznato kao spor između „[[Рационализам|racionalizma]]” i „[[empiricism|empirizma]]”. U uvodnoj liniji jedne od njegovih najpoznatijih knjiga, ''[[Discourse on Method|Diskurs o metodi]]'', Dekart je ustanovio najčešće moderno značenje i njegove kontroverze, kada je izjavio da svi imaju sličnu i dovoljnu količinu zdravog razuma ({{lang|fr|bon sens}}), ali da se to retko kad dobro koristi. Stoga se treba pridržavati skeptičke logičke metode koju je Dekart opisao, a na zdrav razum se ne treba preterano oslanjati.<ref>{{harvtxt|Descartes|1901}} Part I of the ''Discourse on Method''. NOTE: The term in French is "{{lang|fr|bon sens}}" sometimes translated as "good sense".</ref> U kasnijem [[Prosvetiteljstvo|prosvetljenju]] iz 18. veka, zdrav razum se pozitivnije shvatao kao osnova modernog razmišljanja. To je bilo u suprotnosti s [[metaphysics|metafizikom]], koja je, poput [[Cartesianism|kartezijanizma]], bila povezana sa {{lang|fr|[[Stari poredak|Ancien Régime]]}}. [[Томас Пејн|Tomas Pejnov]] polemički pamflet ''Zdravog razuma'' (1776) opisan je kao najuticajniji politički pamflet 18. veka, koji je uticao na [[Američka revolucija|Američku]] i [[Francuska revolucija|Francusku revoluciju]].<ref name="hund" /> Danas su koncept zdravog razuma i kako je najbolje da se koristiti, i dalje vezani za mnoge od najdugovečnijih tema [[epistemologija|epistemologije]] i [[etika|etike]], sa posebnim fokusom često usmerenim na filozofiju modernih [[Društvene nauke|društvenih nauka]].
 
== Reference ==
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdrav_razum”