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Царина — разлика између измена

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'''Царина''' представља обавезу увозника-извозника да, у моменту када роба прелази [[национална граница|националну границу]], плати прописану суму новца у корист државе. Царина представља врсту посредног [[порез]]а који се наплаћује када роба прелази царинску линију. Циљ царине није да повећа државни приход, већ заштита домаће производње, нарочито оне која тек почиње да се развија. Царине предствљају стабилан и дугорочан инструмент регулисања [[спољна трговина|спољне трговине]] и заштите домаћег [[тржиште|тржишта]]. У већини земаља царинска тарифа се прописује [[закон]]ом. [[Царинска тарифа]] не може да се мења од случаја до случаја и према тренутној потреби као други инструменти спољнотрговинске политике.
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Tariffs can be fixed (a constant sum per unit of imported goods or a percentage of the price) or variable (the amount varies according to the price). Taxing imports means people are less likely to buy them as they become more expensive. The intention is that they buy local products instead – boosting the country's economy. Tariffs therefore provide an incentive to develop production and replace imports with domestic products. Tariffs are meant to reduce pressure from foreign competition and reduce the trade deficit. They have historically been justified as a means to protect [[Infant industry argument|infant industries]] and to allow [[import substitution industrialization]]. Tariffs may also be used to rectify artificially low prices for certain imported goods, due to 'dumping', export subsidies or currency manipulation.
 
There is near unanimous consensus among economists that tariffs have a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and the reduction of [[trade barrier]]s has a positive effect on economic growth.<ref name="See P 19942">See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.</ref><ref name="IGMFreeTrade2">{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/free-trade|title=Free Trade|date=March 13, 2012|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/import-duties|title=Import Duties|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=IGM Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[N. Gregory Mankiw]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/upshot/economists-actually-agree-on-this-point-the-wisdom-of-free-trade.html Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade], ''New York Times'' (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."</ref><ref>[[William Poole (economist)|William Poole]], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6958854.pdf Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart], ''Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review'', September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/trade-within-europe|title=Trade Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> However, [[liberalization of trade]] can cause significant and unequally distributed losses, and the economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.<ref name="IGMFreeTrade2" />
Царине предствљају стабилан и дугорочан инструмент регулисања [[спољна трговина|спољне трговине]] и заштите домаћег [[тржиште|тржишта]]. У већини земаља царинска тарифа се прописује [[закон]]ом. [[Царинска тарифа]] не може да се мења од случаја до случаја и према тренутној потреби као други инструменти спољнотрговинске политике.
 
== Врсте царине ==
Линија 9 ⟶ 11:
 
Подела царина према циљу примене је на заштитне, фискалне, прохибативне и реторзивне. Такође, царине могу бити аутономне и уговорне (конвенционалне).
 
== Политичка анализа ==
{{See also|Tariffs in United States history|List of tariffs in the United States|Protectionism in the United States}}
 
The tariff has been used as a political tool to establish an independent nation; for example, the United States [[Tariff Act of 1789]], signed specifically on July 4, was called the "Second Declaration of Independence" by newspapers because it was intended to be the economic means to achieve the political goal of a sovereign and independent United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americashistory.org/detail.aspx?cat=12&man=452 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708082900/http://americashistory.org/detail.aspx?cat=12&man=452 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-08 |title=Thomas Jefferson – under George Washington by America's History |publisher=americashistory.org }}</ref>
 
The political impact of tariffs is judged depending on the political perspective; for example the [[2002 United States steel tariff]] imposed a 30% tariff on a variety of imported steel products for a period of three years and American steel producers supported the tariff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/mar2002/nf2002038_1478.htm |work= Business Week Online |date= March 8, 2002 |title= Behind the Steel-Tariff Curtain}}</ref>
 
Tariffs can emerge as a political issue prior to an [[election]]. In the leadup to the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 Australian Federal election]], the [[Australian Labor Party]] announced it would undertake a review of Australian car tariffs if elected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22729573-5013871,00.html |title=PM rulses out more help for car firms |author=Sid Marris and Dennis Shanahan |date=November 9, 2007 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=2007-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109183702/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22729573-5013871,00.html |archive-date=2007-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] made a similar commitment, while independent candidate [[Nick Xenophon]] announced his intention to introduce tariff-based legislation as "a matter of urgency".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Candidate-wants-car-tariff-cuts-halted/2007/10/29/1193618771259.html |title=Candidate wants car tariff cuts halted |newspaper=theage.com.au | location=Melbourne |date=October 29, 2007}}</ref>
 
Unpopular tariffs are known to have ignited social unrest, for example the 1905 [[meat riots]] in Chile that developed in protest against tariffs applied to the [[Argentine beef|cattle imports from Argentina]].<ref name=mem>{{es icon}} ''[http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/dest.asp?id=movimientoshuelgadelacarne Primeros movimientos sociales chileno (1890–1920)]''. Memoria Chilena.</ref><ref name=benjamin>Benjamin S. 1997. Meat and Strength: The Moral Economy of a Chilean Food Riot. ''[[Cultural Anthropology]]'', 12, pp. 234–268.</ref>
 
== Види још ==
* [[Слободна зона]]
* [[Публикани]]
* [[Ђумрук]]
* [[Слободна трговина]]
* [[Ad valorem]]
 
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1 =Krugman |first1 =Paul |authorlink =Paul Krugman |last2 =Wells |first2 =Robin |year =2005 |title =Macroeconomics |publisher =Worth |isbn =978-0-7167-5229-5 |ref =harv |url =https://archive.org/details/microeconomics00krug }}
* {{cite book |last =El-Agraa |first =Ali M. |authorlink =Ali M. El-Agraa |title =TRADE THEORY AND POLICY |url =https://archive.org/details/tradetheorypolic0000elag |url-access =registration |year =1984 |publisher =The Macmillan Press Ltd. |ref =harv }}
* Ashley, Percy. "Modern Tariff History: Germany, United States, France'' (3rd edition. 1920) [https://ia801406.us.archive.org/13/items/moderntariffhist00ashliala/moderntariffhist00ashliala_bw.pdf online]
* {{Cite book |first=Dominick |last=Salvatore |title=Introduction to International Economics |year=2005 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=Wiley |edition=First |isbn=978-0-471-20226-4 }}.
* Biswas, R. (2014). [http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56707/1/MPRA_paper_56707.pdf Tariffs that may fail to protect: A model of trade and public goods], MPRA Paper 56707, University Library of Munich, Germany.
* Dal Bianco A., Boatto V., Caracciolo F., Santeramo F.G. (2016) [http://erae.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/25/erae.jbv008.short?rss=1 Tariffs and non-tariff frictions in the world wine trade] European Review of Agricultural Economics. 43(1):31–57 (Link to [https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/61813.html Working Paper])
* U.S. Tariff Commission. ''[https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit Colonial tariff policies]'' (1922), worldwide; 922pp
* Planet Express. [https://planetexpress.com/faq/duty-and-tax-de-minimis-thresholds/ Duty and TAX de minimis Thresholds] (2019)
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== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Customs servicesTariff}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905}}
* -{[http://wits.worldbank.org/WITS/wits/WITSHELP/Content/Data_Retrieval/P/Intro/C2.Types_of_Tariffs.htm Types of Tariffs]}-
* -{[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/WLD/StartYear/2008/EndYear/2012/TradeFlow/Import/Indicator/AHS%20Weighted%20Average%20(%60) Effectively applied tariff by Country 2008 to 2012]}-
* -{[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/WLD/StartYear/2008/EndYear/2012/TradeFlow/Import/Indicator/MFN%20Weighted%20Average%20(%60) MFN Trade Weighted Average Tariff by country 2008–2012]}-
* -{[http://wits.worldbank.org/ World Bank's site for Trade and Tariff]}-
* -{[http://www.macmap.org/ Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements]}-
* -{[http://tao.wto.org/ WTO Tariff Analysis Online – Detailed information on tariff and trade data]}-
 
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[[Категорија:Економија]]
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Царина”