Španska kolonizacija Amerike

The overseas expansion under the Crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish konkvistadora. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, Canada, the north-eastern United States and several other small countries in South America and The Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the region. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions.

Zastava španskih konkvistadora sa krunom Kastilje na crvenoj zastavi, koju su koristili Ernan Kortes, Fransisko Pizaro i drugi

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty. In contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases. This has been argued to be the first large-scale act of genocide in the modern era, although this claim is disputed due to the introduction of disease, which is considered a byproduct of the Columbian exchange. Racial mixing was a central process in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and ultimately led to the Latin American identity, which combines Hispanic, and Native American cultures.

Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when silver and gold from American mines increasingly financed a long series of European and North African wars. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent balkanization of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were finally given up in 1898, following the Spanish–American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas.

Osvajanja

---

Iberian territory of Crown of Castile. .

---

Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile (New Spain and Philippines)

---

Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile (Perú, New Granada and Río de la Plata)

The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy.

Literatura

• Brading, D. A., The First America: the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
• Clark, Larry R. "Imperial Spain’s Failure to Colonize Southeast North America: 1513 - 1587" (TimeSpan Press 2017) updated edition to “Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America (McFarland Publishing 2010)
• Elliott, J. H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007)
• Gibson, Carrie. Empire's Crossroads: A History of the Caribbean from Columbus to the Present Day (New York: Grove Press, 2015)
• Gibson, Carrie. El Norte: The Epic and Forgotten Story of Hispanic North America (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2019)
• Goodwin, Robert América: The Epic Story of Spanish North America, 1493-1898 (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019)
• Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1965).
• Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America (London: Oxford University Press, 1947)
• Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (HarperCollins, 2004)
• Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 Vol. London: Macmillan, 1918) online free
• Portuondo, María M. Secret Science: Spanish Cosmography and the New World (Chicago: Chicago UP, 2009).
• Restall, Matthew and Felipe Fernández-Armesto. The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction (2012) excerpt and text search
• Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan (2005)
• Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America (Yale University Press, 1992)
• Alejandro Cañeque. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America" History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280–291, doi:10.1111/hic3.12043
• Weber, David J. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect." Journal of the Southwest (1987): 331–363. See John Francis Bannon
• Weber, David J. “The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux.” The History Teacher, vol. 39, no. 1, 2005, pp. 43–56. JSTOR, online.

Spoljašnje veze

• Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
• Spain in America (Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904) 'Spain in America'
• The Spanish Borderlands (Herbert E. Bolton, 1921) 'The Spanish Borderlands'
• Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history
• The short film Spanish Empire in the New World (1992) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• “The Political Force of Images,” Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820.