Цивилизација — разлика између измена

[[Дефиниција]] цивилизације коју даје [[Вил Дурант]] је дефинише као друштвени ред који промовише стварање [[култура|културе]]. Сачињавају је четири елемента: [[економија]], [[организација|политичка организација]], [[морал|морална]]на [[традиција]] и потрага за знањем и уметношћу. Када је страх превладан, стваралаштво и радозналост су ослобођени и људи су подстакнути природном побудом према разумевању и унапређењу живота.

Физички и биолошки услови су само предуслови цивилизације, они је не сачињавају и не стварају је. Морају бити укључени и фактори [[психологија|психологије]]. Мора постојати друштвени ред, чак и ако је близак [[хаос|хаосу]]у, као у [[ренесанса|ренесансној]] [[Фиренца|Фиренци]] или [[Рим|Риму]]у, људи се морају осећати слободно. Мора постојати некакво јединство [[језик|језика]]а за културну размену. Кроз институције као што су [[црква]], [[породица]], [[школа]] и слично мора бити постављена јединствени морални законик, правила игре живота која су препозната чак и од оних који их крше. Можда је неопходно и неко јединство које даје [[вера|веру]] у нешто [[натприродно]] или [[утопија|утопијанско]]нско - што подиже морал од брига према посвећености и даје племенитост и значај без обзира на притисак смртности. И на крају, мора постојати некакво [[образовање]] - нека [[техника]], макар и примитивна, потребна за пренос културе. Без обзира да ли се образовање врши кроз опонашање, [[иницијација|иницијацију]] или упутствима, кроз оца и мајку, учитеља или свештеника, наслеђе племена - језик и знање, морал и [[обичај|обичаји]]и, [[технологија]] и [[уметност]] - морају бити пренети младим нараштајима као инструмент који их претвара из животиња у људе.

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Bolesti| first = Maria| title = Barbarism and Its Discontents|year=2013| publisher = Stanford University Press| url = https://books.google.com/?id=cpZZKabXvWAC|isbn=9780804785372|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|first=Franz| last=Solms-Laubach| title = Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology| publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year=2007|pages=115, 117,and 212| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C&dq|isbn=9783110181098|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Boyden| first = Stephen Vickers| title = The Biology of Civilisation|year=2004| publisher = UNSW Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22|isbn=9780868407661|pages=7-8}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Fernández-Armesto| first = Felipe| title = Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2001| url = https://books.google.com/?id=3MNzi698aXwC|isbn=9780743216500|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Llobera| first = Josep| title = An Invitation to Anthropology| publisher = Berghahn Books|year=2003| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_-LDyWxODjAC&q=%22best-known+definition%22|isbn=9781571815972|pages=136-137}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Wright| first = Ronald| title = A Short History of Progress| publisher = House of Anansi|year=2004|pages=115, 117,and 212| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nzWPFQIEvfEC&q=%22technical,%20anthropological%22|isbn=9780887847066|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Haviland| first = William| title = Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge| publisher = Cengage Learning|year=2013| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1-285-67530-5|pages=250}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv |author = Adams, Robert McCormick| title = The Evolution of Urban Society|year=| publisher = Transaction Publishers| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JrZOwKU0TlsC&q=%22civilizations+are+associated%22|isbn=9780202365947|pages=13}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Ankerl| first = Guy | title = Global communication without universal civilization | origyear=2000 | series = INU societal research | volume = Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western | publisher = INU Press | location = Geneva |isbn=978-2-88155-004-1 |year=2000 }}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Brinton| first = Crane |authorlink = Crane Brinton |year=1984| title = A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715 | edition = 6th | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |isbn=978-0-13-389866-8|display-authors=etal|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Casson| first = Lionel |year=1994| title = Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times | publisher = British Museum Press | location = London |isbn=978-0-7141-1735-5|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Chisholm| first = Jane | last2=Millard| first2 = Anne|year=1991| title = Early Civilization | others = illus. Ian Jackson | publisher = Usborne | location = London |isbn=978-1-58086-022-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Collcutt| first = Martin | last2=Jansen| first2 = Marius| last3=Kumakura| first3 = Isao|year=1988| title = Cultural Atlas of Japan | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York |isbn=978-0-8160-1927-4|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Drews| first = Robert |author-link = Robert Drews |year=1993| title = The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-04811-6|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Edey| first = Maitland A. |year=1974| title = The Sea Traders | publisher = [[Time-Life Books]] | location = New York |isbn=978-0-7054-0060-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Fairservis| first = Walter A., Jr. |year=1975| title = The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] | location = New York |isbn=978-0-684-12775-0|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Fernández-Armesto | first = Felipe |authorlink = Felipe Fernández-Armesto |year=2000| title = Civilizations | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | location = London |isbn=978-0-333-90171-7|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Ferrill| first = Arther |year=1985| title = The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great | publisher = [[Thames and Hudson]] | location = New York |isbn=978-0-500-25093-8|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Fitzgerald| first = C. P. |year=1969| title = The Horizon History of China | publisher = American Heritage | location = New York |isbn=978-0-8281-0005-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Fuller| first = J. F. C. |authorlink = J.F.C. Fuller |year=1954| title = A Military History of the Western World | others = 3 vols. | publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]] | location = New York}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Gowlett| first = John |year=1984| title = Ascent to Civilization | publisher = Collins | location = London |isbn=978-0-00-217090-1|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Hawkes| first = Jacquetta |authorlink = Jacquetta Hawkes |year=1968| title = Dawn of the Gods | publisher = [[Chatto & Windus]] | location = London |isbn=978-0-7011-1332-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Hawkes| first = Jacquetta | last2=Trump| first2 = David| origyear=1976 |year=1993| title = The Atlas of Early Man | publisher = [[Dorling Kindersley]] | location = London |isbn=978-0-312-09746-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Hicks| first = Jim |year=1974| title = The Empire Builders | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Hicks| first = Jim |year=1975| title = The Persians | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Johnson| first = Paul |authorlink = Paul Johnson (writer) |year=1987| title = A History of the Jews | publisher = [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]] | location = London |isbn=978-0-297-79091-4|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Jensen| first = Derrick |authorlink = Derrick Jensen |year=2006| title = [[Endgame (Derrick Jensen books)|Endgame]] | publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]] | location = New York |isbn=978-1-58322-730-5|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Keppie| first = Lawrence |year=1984| title = The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire | publisher = Barnes & Noble | location = Totowa, N.J. |isbn=978-0-389-20447-3|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv|author=[[Korotayev]], Andrey|title=World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective| location = Lewiston, NY| publisher = [[Edwin Mellen Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7734-6310-3|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Lansing| first = Elizabeth |year=1971| title = The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York |isbn=978-0-07-036357-1|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Lee| first = Ki-Baik |year=1984| title = A New History of Korea | others = trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge |isbn=978-0-674-61575-5|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Nahm| first = Andrew C. |year=1983| title = A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History | publisher = Hollym International | location = Elizabeth, N.J. |isbn=978-0-930878-23-8|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Oliphant| first = Margaret |year=1992| title = The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past | publisher = Ebury | location = London |isbn=978-0-09-177040-2|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Rogerson| first = John |year=1985| title = Atlas of the Bible | publisher = [[Infobase Publishing]] | location = New York |isbn=978-0-8160-1206-0|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Sandall| first = Roger |authorlink = Roger Sandall |year=2001| title = The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays | publisher = Westview | location = Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-0-8133-3863-7|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Sansom| first = George |year=1958| title = A History of Japan: To 1334 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-0523-3|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Southworth| first = John Van Duyn |year=1968| title = The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D. | publisher = [[Twayne]] | location = New York}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Thomas| first = Hugh |authorlink = Hugh Thomas (historian) |year=1981| title = An Unfinished History of the World | edition = rev. | publisher = Pan | location = London |isbn=978-0-330-26458-7|pages=}}

* {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Yap| first = Yong | last2=Cotterell| first2 = Arthur|year=1975| title = The Early Civilization of China| publisher = Putnam | location = New York |isbn=978-0-399-11595-0|pages=}}