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* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Darrigol |first = Olivier |title = Atoms, Mechanics, and Probability: Ludwig Boltzmann's Statistico-Mechanical |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2018 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=APBIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376 |isbn=978-0-19-881617-1}}
* [[Paul Ehrenfest|Ehrenfest, P.]] & [[Tatyana Afanasyeva|Ehrenfest, T.]] (1911) "Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik", in [[Klein's encyclopedia|''Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluß ihrer Anwendungen'']] Band IV, 2. Teil ( F. Klein and C. Müller (eds.). Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 3–90. Translated as ''The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics''. New York. {{page1|location=|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1959|isbn=978-0-486-49504-0|pages=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Everdell | first=William R |year=1988 | title=The Problem of Continuity and the Origins of Modernism: 1870–1913 | journal=History of European Ideas | volume=9 | issue=5 |pages=531–552 | doi=10.1016/0191-6599(88)90001-0 | pages = 531–552 }}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Everdell | first=William R |year=1997 | title=The First Moderns | edition= | publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago }}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Gibbs |first=Josiah Willard |authorlink=Josiah Willard Gibbs |title=[[Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics|Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics]] |year=1902 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Johnson | first = Erik | title = ''Anxiety and the Equation: Understanding Boltzmann's Entropy'' | publisher = The MIT Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-262-03861-4}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Klein | first=Martin J. | chapter=The Development of Boltzmann's Statistical Ideas | editor=[[E.G.D. Cohen]] |editor2=W. Thirring | title=The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications | publisher=Springer | location=Wien |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-387-81137-6 |pages=53–106 | series=Acta physica Austriaca Suppl. 10 | pages = 53–106 }}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Lindley | first=David |authorlink=David Lindley (Physicist) | title=Boltzmann's Atom: The Great Debate That Launched A Revolution In Physics | edition= | publisher= Free Press| location= New York|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-684-85186-0|pages=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lotka | first=A. J. |year=1922 | title=Contribution to the Energetics of Evolution | doi= 10.1073/pnas.8.6.147 | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume=8 | issue=6 |pages=147–51 | pmid=16576642 | pmc=1085052 |bibcode = 1922PNAS....8..147L | pages = 147–51 }}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Meyer| first=Stefan |authorlink=Stefan Meyer (physicist) | title=Festschrift Ludwig Boltzmann gewidmet zum sechzigsten Geburtstage 20. Februar 1904 | publisher=J. A. Barth |year=1904 |language = German }}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv| last=Planck | first=Max |authorlink=Max Planck | title=The Theory of Heat Radiation | publisher=P. Blakiston Son & Co |year=1914}} English translation by Morton Masius of the 2nd ed. of ''Waermestrahlung''. Reprinted by Dover (1959) &. {{page|year=1991|year=|isbn=978-0-486-66811-6|pages=}}